chaptereightpragmatics(编辑修改稿)

chaptereightpragmatics(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

 I give and bequeath my watch to my brother. Features of performatives  The first person singular  Speech act verbs / performative verbs:  The present tense  Indicative mood  Active voice  I take a cold bath everyday.  I jog ten miles every Sunday.  I like to drive fast cars.  Pedestrians are warned to keep off the grass.  Turn right.  Thank you!  I promise to be there. / I’ll be there.  I admit I was wrong. / I was foolish.  I warn you, this gun is loaded. / This gun is loaded.  I thank you. / I’m very grateful.  I apologize. / I’m sorry.  I order you to sit down. / You must sit down.  The distinction between constatives amp。 performatives cannot be maintained.  All sentences can be used to do things. Illocutionary Act Theory  Speech acts can be analyzed on 3 levels:  A locutionary act: the act of saying something in the full sense of “say”.  An illocutionary act: an act performed in saying something.  In saying X, I was doing Y.  In saying “I will e tomorrow”, I was making a promise.  Illocutionary force  A perlocutionary act: the act preformed by or as a result of saying, the effects on the hearer.  By saying X and doing Y, I did Z.  By saying “I will e tomorrow” and making a promise, I reassure my friends.  Shoot her! Searle’s classification of speech acts  1. representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true. assert, state, swear, guess, deny, inform, notify, etc  2. Directives: trying to get the hearer to do sth. Request, advise, order, urge, tell, etc  3. misives: mittting the speaker himself to some future course of action Commit, promise, threaten, pledge, etc  4. expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state Apologize, thank, congratulate, greet, etc. I‟m really sorry! Congratulations!  5. declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying sth Declare, appoint, nominate, name, etc. I now appoint。