英语专业毕业论文-浅谈中西方餐桌文化的差异(编辑修改稿)

英语专业毕业论文-浅谈中西方餐桌文化的差异(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

lue. As a matter of fact, in China, collectivistic orientation with deep roots can be traced back to the ancient times. Confucius points out, “If one wants to establish himself, he should help others to establish themselves at first” (已欲立而立人，已欲达而达人 ), in which collectives is regarded. In such collectivistic culture, a “We” consciousness prevails, and people are expected to be interdependent and show conformity to the group’s norms and values. Group goa ls usually take precedence over individual goals, and the primary value is to seek harmony with others. Actually group harmony is also highly valued that obedience to, pliance with and ingroups pressures is This collectivistic orientation can also find its place in Chinese table manners. When Chinese people have a dinner together, normally they would like to share the meal. The typical Chinese dining table is round or square. The dishes are laid in the center, and each participant in the meal is equipped with a bowl for rice, a pair of chopsticks, a saucer, and a spoon. All at a table take from the dishes as they proceed with the meal. Good eating manners let people have equal chances at all the dishes. In addition, there are many other examples of such kind of collectivistic orientation. When dining out, a host always shows a menu to guests and asks them to order the dishes they like before making the final decision. It is out of the consideration that the taste of each guest may not be the same, and if something is fotten or ignored, it is hard to achieve the group harmony. Sometimes a certain dish is deliberately avoided simply because someone doesn’t like it. When a dinner es to an end, percipients are likely to strive to pay the bill unless someone has claimed in advance. In short, from the moment the dinner starts to the time when it is over, the “sharing” reflects almost everywhere. In 2020, because of the attack from SARS virus, although Chinese people began to adopt the “separated” style in some places, it had nothing to do with the value orientation at all. Actually it was just an expedient taken from the perspective of health. The fact is that shortly after the epidemic, Chinese people renewed the old style quickly. B. Individualism in Western Table manners According to Hofstede’s IDV, the United States, Great Britain, etc. tend toward individualism. Broadly speaking, individualism refers to the doctrine, spelled out in detail by the seventeenthcentury English philosopher John Locke, that each individual is unique, special, pletely different from all other individuals, and “the basic unit of nature”.18 Therefore, in individualistic culture, an “I” consciousness prevails, and emphasis is placed on an individual’s goals over group goals. In other words, the individual is treated as the most important element in any social setting. This value orientation stresses individual initiative and achievement, and individual decisionmaking is highly admired. From the cowboys in the West to the heroes in the action film, one thing in mon is that they are all portrayed as an independent agent, who acplishes the goal with little cooperation. This is because they believe in the concept that “God helps those who help themselves”. In fact, t his orientation is so strong in some countries like America that people believe there is something wrong with someone who fails to demonstrate individualism. Greatly influenced by the individualistic orientation, Western table manners are characterized by the “separated” style. In many ways, it is contrary to the “sharing” style in Chinese table manners. For example, instead of taking the dishes from the “public” plate, Westerners are more used to separating one dish into several parts and then sending one part to each one’s bowl or plate before eating. When they order dishes, unlike what Chinese people usually do, Westerners seem to have more freedom and rights. That is to say, weather a host or a guest, what they should do is just to order the dishes they like, with little consideration of others’ tastes. The way of “go Dutch” is widely taken when the bill is to be paid, which means everyone pays his own share. In conclusion, the role of individualism in Western table manners is obvious and its influence is self evident too. Ⅳ.Differences on Etiquette in Chinese and Western Table manners Etiquette is another important aspect that should be taken into account in both Chinese and Western food cultures. However, because of disparities between Chinese and Western cultures, there are many differences between Chinese and Western table manners. Therefore, a parison between different etiquette in Chinese and Western table manners will help us understand those culturally rooted causes and improve crosscultural munication. In this chapter, the following six aspects of etiquette in Chinese and Western table manners will be discussed: different tableware, time of arrival, seating arrangement, way of setting a table, way of sending in foods, and manners of drinking. A. Different Tableware: Chopstick and Fork and Knife 1. Chopsticks in Chinese Table manners China is an old country and has a history of over five thousand years. China is a traditional agricultural country and Chinese people mainly live on wheat and rice as their main food by cultivating the farmland。 the harvest of the crops depends on nature. The application of chopsticks as the chief tableware can be traced back as early as during the Shang periods. Although hands were probably used more often than When Chinese people use chopsticks, usually they appear to be refined and cultivated, with little disgraceful actions like poking or stabbing, and their attitudes toward food are gentle and kind, although Chines。