政治学与行政学毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献(编辑修改稿)

政治学与行政学毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

e by adopting flexible measures under the condition of preserving the current status of land tenure without breaking the law. In practice, Jingshan county government handled land disputes by confirming land rights based on the existing land tenure institutions but requiring large farm households to give up a small piece of land (2 mu) to peasant households who had abandoned their land before the agricultural tax was abolished. Disputes were very acute at that time, and township cadres stayed in villages to handle the land issues. Even so, there were still 29 groups of Cao township villagers lodging petitions in 2020. Today some villagers who have received confirmation of land rights from the government are still unable to get their land. In consequence, the villagers who did not promptly return home and ask for land in 2020 are forced to relinquish all of their land for a long period of time。 those who promptly returned home and asked for land are also forced to relinquish a large proportion of land for a long period of time (2 mu of land per person or 10 mu per household in Jingshan county). Among the 60 households in Gongcun village that transferred their land, 47 households fall under this category. Now 24 of the 47 households have bee “landless peasants” in nonsuburban areas and three have bee permanently “landless peasants” because they sold their house and land together to nonnative immigrants, thus losing eligibility for confirmation of land rights. The other 23 households have received 2 mu of subsistence land. By contrast, the peasants who acquired land through land transfer are unexpectedly entitled to longterm land contracting rights due to policy and circumstance change. 3. Shortterm land transfer This is a prevalent land transfer method adopted by peasant households due to their expectation on longterm land possession and a sense of insecurity for other methods of making a living. In the rural areas of Jingshan, shortterm land transfer is currently adopted by most peasant households that acquired 2 mu of subsistence land through the confirmation of land rights in 2020. In Production Team 1 of Gongcun village, there are 18 peasant households with contracted land at the present time: Only 10 households till the land at home, while the other eight households have only 2 mu of farmland each. These families transferred their land for a short period of time and moved elsewhere to find employment. In Production Team 3 of the village, there are 25 peasant households, of which 12 households moved their families elsewhere. Now five of the 12 households have transferred their subsistence land under the shortterm scheme, but the other seven households are without any subsistence land. Most of the peasant households that moved elsewhere had left their home villages before the agricultural tax was repealed and transferred land in a passive way. Now a large proportion of them have stronger demand for land and choose not to transfer it for a long period of time because they are likely to return home to the land in the future. By contrast, the peasants who acquired land through shortterm land transfer are thus entitled to shortterm land contracting rights. II. Land tenure status and peasant stratification The foregoing analysis has revealed the existence of a number of different land transfer methods. This phenomenon is related to the policies concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers in 5 different periods, and to the different conditions of peasants in different periods. In different periods and circumstances, peasants have adopted different land transfer methods. At present, land transfer has a significant impact on the wellbeing of peasants. In Jingshan, the villages are under greater exposure or openness. Some leave home from time to time as a result of urbanization. Nonnative villagers can settle down in the villages by acquiring land through land transfer. In this article, we will also analyze the stratification of the peasantry at the village level based on the detailed data about the economic and employment conditions of registered permanent residents in three villages. Roughly Jingshan peasants can be aggregated into five strata: migrant businessman stratum, peasant worker stratum, parttime peasant worker stratum, migrant family stratum and poor villager stratum, as shown in the table below: 1. The migrant businessman stratum This stratum refers to the upper stratum of peasants who have long been doing business elsewhere 6 with almost no present dependence on rural land. They are pletely dissociated with the villages in which they are registered as permanent residents. In the three villages, % of households fall under this stratum. On average, a migrant businessman earns an annual ine of over RMB 30,000 and has a bank deposit of at least RMB 100,000. In Gongcun village, the two wealthiest businessmen should each have a bank deposit of RMB 1 million. Among the 15 migrant businessmen, 13 of them have houses in urban areas, six of them have bought or built houses in townships, and seven of them have bought houses in county towns or cities. In addition, some of them also keep houses in the village that are now solely the residence of elderly family members. Even though migrant businessmen are classified in the upper stratum of villagers, the vast majority of them have bee “urbanized,” and the most successful businessmen can move to large cities. However, there are also a small number of businessmen who have met obstacles in the urbanization process and have returned to their home villages. Deng Deyi, a farmer in Gongcun village, went to Wuhan, capital of Hubei province, to sell rice in the 1990s but returned home in the face of tough business conditions. Returnees’ economic wellbeing is still in good condition because of money they e。