semanticconstituentsandsenserelation(编辑修改稿)

semanticconstituentsandsenserelation(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

rare (J. Lyons, 1995), though “dog” and “hound”, “狗 ” and “犬 ” are possibly absolute synonyms, but there are some slight differences between them. Historically, with the development of human society, there are exchange between different nationalities and cultures. We have pairs of “native” and “foreign” words, “brotherly” and “fraternal”, “buy” and “purchase”, “world” and “universe”, and many others. The “native” words have the feature with shorter and less learned。 fourletter words are mostly from AngloSaxon. There are examples of triples, one “native”, one from French, one directly from Latin “kingly”, “royal”, “regal” (F. R. Palmer, 1976). In Chinese language, “科学 ” has its equivalence “赛因思 ” (“science” in English), “草垫 ” has “踏踏密 ” (“tatami” in Korea), “棉鞋 ” has (水 /棉 )乌拉 (a word in language of Man nationality), “连衣裙 ” has “布拉吉 ” (“пратя” in Russia), etc. Regionally, Some sets of synonyms belong to different dialects of the same language (spoken by different munities in the same language). “地瓜 ” is used in the northern, while “白薯 ” in the south。 “老乡 ” in the north, “老 俵 ”。 “岭 ” in the north, “岗 ” in the south。 “山谷 ” in the north, “峪 ” in the west。 “爹 ” in Han Chinese, “爸 ” in Man nationality。 “遛弯儿 ” in Beijing, “溜达 ”in the northeast of China, etc. The term “semester” is used in the United States but in some western counties of Britain, “term” is used. Emotionally, people have different attitudes and feelings about the same, but when they use words, they use different words to show their feelings. “爱犬 ” and “走狗 ” have different emotions。 so do “撤退 ” and “逃跑 ”。 “志同道合 ” and “一丘之貉 ” in Chinese language. In English, “politician” and “statesman” have the same feature。 “hide” and “conceal”。 “liberty” and “freedom”, each implying approval or disapproval. Socially, people in different social stratifications use different words referring to the same thing. “Gentleman” and “chap” are synonyms, but the users are different, the former may well be in higher social stratification, while the latter may well be in lower social stratification. “做客 ” and “串门儿 ”, “照顾 (孩子 )” and “哄 (孩子 )”, “清洁工 ”, “扫大街的 ” are synonyms, the former may be used by those in higher social stratification and the latter may be in lower social stratification or with casualty, vulgarness and impoliteness, so do “夫人 ” and “婆娘 ”. Stylistically, people in different occasions usually use different words to refer to the same thing. For instance, “beautiful” and “pretty”, “manager” and “boss”, “muscular” and “strong”, in Chinese, “(赴 )宴会 ” and “(去 )吃饭 ”, “购物 ” and “逛街 ” are synonyms, but the former ones are formal, while the latter ones are informal. In order to avoid some unfortable, unsatisfactory or embarrassed occasions, people do not use those words that directly show the meanings, they use other words to take the place the unfortable, unsatisfactory or embarrassed words. For instance, “pass away” is used to replace “die”, “strong” to replace “fat”, “slender” to replace “skinny”, “错误 ” to “失误 ”, “转移 ” to “撤退 ”, “不及格 ” to “挂科 ”. This use of words is called euphemistic usage which are socially accepted. To people in different ages, the old like using the traditional words and the young like using the popular words to refer to the same, “漂亮 ” , “办妥了 ” are used by the old and “靓 ” , “搞定了 ” are to the young’s liking. Collocationally, the concepts about world are determined by human understanding being involved in subjective feeling or attitudes. The words standing for something carry different feelings though the referents are natural. “fox” and “monkey” refer to two kinds of animals, factually speaking, both are clever, but according to people’s attitudes towards them, “shrewd” and “clever” are used representatively to show their characteristics. We say “black” paper, but “dark” night. Girl is “beautiful”, but boy is “handsome”. Thus, we have “childlike” and “childish”, “gentle” and “soft”, “狡猾 ” and “聪明 ”, “灭亡 ” and “牺牲 ”, “(这不是 )和谈 , (而是 ) 媾和 ” “笨蛋 ” and “混蛋 ”, “(腰 )酸 (背 )痛 ”, “头顶 (生疮 ), 脚下 (冒脓 )”, according to the cognition and conceptualization of the world with strong subjectiveness. Sometimes, to a noun, there are several adjectives that can be modifiers, but not all these adjectives can modify another noun, which is determined by the nature of the noun. “Deep” or “profound” may be used together with “sympathy” but only “deep” with “water”。 a “road” may be “broad” or “wide” but an “accent” only “broad”. Situationally, some words are not synonyms, but in a certain situation, they can be used as synonyms. For example: “(the first son is a) congressman, (the second is) no good (too)” (W. D. Ellis, 1996). In Chinese, “(这篇文章太 )长 (了 ), (简直是 )懒婆娘的裹脚 ”. Some words are not synonyms, but when an issue is discussed in a certain field, they are considered as words with similar semantic features, for instance, in talking about a problem at school, we might use “school”, “university”, “college”, “campus”, or other words as synonyms. We might choose words that are related in features like “candle”, “flame”, “flicker”, “light” in describing candlelight. They all relate to “light”, although they are not strictly synonyms, they share features and are used as though they were. Another, contextually, we often use synonyms to make our lexical choices more precise. The expressions “or rather”, “technically”, “what’s more”, “furthermore” and “more exactly” mark this use of a synonym for added precision. We may also use expressions to show that we cannot produce the precise term we wish to use: “in a manner of speaking”, “sort of”, “kind of”, “something like …” , “something like that”, etc. It is clear, though, that few (if indeed any) synonyms are synonymous in every respect. Some forms are better than others for a particular use in particular circumstances. And, so, they have slightly diff。