dynamiccapabilitiesandstrategicmanagement(动态能力与战略管理内容摘要:

central role in determining and limiting strategic action. Some industries or subsectors of industries bee more ‗attractive‘ because they have structural impediments to petitive forces (e,g: entry barriers) that allow firms better opportunities for creating sustainable petitive advantages. Rents are created largely at the industry or subsector level rather than at the firm level. While there is some recognition given to firmspecific assets, differences among firms relate primarily to scale. This approach to strategy reflects its incubation inside the field of industrial anization and in particular the industrial structure school of Mason and Bain(Teece, 1984). 模型开发的战略强调市场力量 竞争力 在战略上,至少在上世纪 80年代的主导范式是竞争力的方法。 波特( 1980) ,首创竞争力的方法看待一家公司有关其环境制定竞争战略的精髓 ...... [T]他公司的环境的关键环节是它竞争的行业或产业。 产业结构强烈地影响着竞争的游戏规则,以及可能提供给企业的战略。 在竞争力模型,五个行业级部队进入壁垒,替代威胁,买方议价能力,供应商的议价能力,行业之间的竞争现任确定一个行业或一个行业的细分市场固有的潜在利润。 该方法可以用来帮助公司在一个行业中找到一个位置,它最能捍卫本身对竞争力 影响他们对其有利(波特, 1980: 4)。 这“五力 ” 框架提供了一个系统的竞争力如何,在行业层面的工作,这些力量如何确定不同行业和细分行业的盈利能力的思考方式。 竞争力框架还包含了一些竞争的来源和性质的战略过程中的基本假设。 为了便于与其他方法比较,我们强调几个特色鲜明的框架。 竞争力框架中的经济租金的垄断租金(蒂斯, 1984)。 在一个行业的企业赚取租金时,他们已经在某种程度上能够阻碍竞争力(无论是要素市场或产品市场)倾向于推动经济回报为零。 波特( 1980 年)中描述可用的策略。 竞争策略往往是为了改变公司的面对面的 人在行业竞争对手和供应商的地位。 工业结构中起着核心的作用,在确定和限制战略行动。 一些行业或子行业变得更加“有吸引力”,因为他们有竞争力( E, G:准入门槛),建立可持续的竞争优势,使企业更好的发展机会的结构性障碍。 租金主要是在行业或界别分组的水平,而不是在企业层面建立。 虽然有一些公司特定资产的识别,企业之间的差异主要涉及规模。 这种策略的方法来反映其孵化产业组织领域内,特别是产业结构学校梅森和贝恩(蒂斯, 1984)。 Strategic conflict The publication of Carl Shapiro‘s 1989 article, confidently titled ‗The Theory of Business Strategy,‘ announced the emergence of a new approach to business strategy, if not strategic management. This approach utilizes the tools of game theory to analyze the nature of petitive interaction between rival firms. The main thrust of work in this tradition is to reveal how a firm can influence the behavior and actions of rival firms and thus the market environment. Examples of such moves are investment in capacity (Dixit, 1980), Ramp。 D (Gilbert and Newberry, 1982), and advertising (Schmalensee,1983). To be effective, these strategic moves require irreversible mitments. The moves in question will have no effect if they can be costlessly undone. A key idea is that by manipulating the market environment, a firm may be able to increase its profits. This literature, together with the contestability literature (Baumol, Panzar, and Willig, 1982), has led to a greater appreciation of the role of sunk costs, as opposed to fixed costs, in determining petitive outes. Strategic moves can also be designed to influence rivals‘ behavior through signaling. Strategic signaling has been examined in a number of contexts, including predatory pricing (Kreps and Wilson, 1982a, 1982b) and limit pricing (Milgrom and Roberts, 1982a, 1982b). More recent treatments have emphasized the role of mitment and reputation (., Ghemawat, 1991) and the benefits of firms simultaneously pursuing petition and cooperation (Brandenburger and Nalebuff, 1995, 1996). 战略冲突 公布 1989年卡尔夏皮罗的文章,自信题为“企业战略理论,”宣布的经营策略出现了一种新的方法,如果没有战略管理。 这种方法利用博弈论分析工具的性质,有竞争力的对手公司之间的互动。 在这一传统中工作的主旨在于揭示企业如何影响对手企业的行为和动作,因而市场环境。 这些举措的例子是投资的能力(迪克西特 1980) , R& D(吉尔伯特和纽贝里, 1982 年) ,广告(施马兰西, 1983)。 是有效的,这些战略举措,需要不可逆转的承诺。 移动不会有任何影响,如果他们可以无成本地撤消。 一个关键的想法是,通过操纵的市场 环境,公司或许能够增加其利润。 这种文学与的可争议文学( 1982)鲍莫尔,帕恩查和威利格,导致更大的升值沉没成本,而不是固定的成本,决定竞争结果的作用。 战略举措,也可以通过信令来影响对手的行为。 战略信号已检查在一些情况下,包括掠夺性定价(克瑞普斯和威尔逊, 1982 年, 1982b ) ,限制定价(米尔格罗姆和罗伯茨, 1982a , 1982b )。 最近的治疗强调承诺和信誉的作用(例如,格玛沃特, 1991) ,同时追求竞争的合作(勃兰登堡和纳尔巴夫的, 1995年, 1996年)的企业的好处。 In many instances, game theory formalizes longstanding intuitive arguments about various types of business behavior (., predatory pricing, patent races), though in some instances it has induced a substantial change in the conventional wisdom. But by rationalizing observed behavior by reference to suitably designed games, in explaining everything these models also explain nothing, as they do not generate testable predictions (Sutton, 1992). Many specific gametheoretic models admit multiple equilibrium, and a wide range of choice exists as to the design of the appropriate game form to be used. Unfortunately, the results often depend on the precise specification chosen. The equilibrium in models of strategic behavior crucially depends on what one rival believes another rival will do in a particular situation. Thus the qualitative features of the results may depend on the way price petition is modeled (., Bertrand or Cournot) or on the presence or absence of strategic asymmetries such as firstmover advantages. The analysis of strategic moves using game theory can be thought of as ‗dynamic‘ in the sense that multiperiod analyses can be pursued both intuitively and formally. However, we use the term ‗dynamic‘ in this paper in a different sense, referring to situations where there is rapid change in technology and market forces, and‘ feedback‘ effects on firms. 博弈论在许多情况下,正式长期直观的各种类型的商业行为(如掠夺性定价,专利竞赛)的争论,虽然在某些情况下,它引发了实质性的变化,在传统的智慧。 但通过观察到的行为合理化的参考设计合适的游戏,解释一切,这些模型也可以解释什么,因为他们不产生可检验的预测(萨顿, 1992年)。 许多具体的 博弈论 模型的多个平衡承认,存在广泛的选择,要使用的适当的游戏的形式设计。 不幸的是,其结果通常依赖于所选择的精确规格。 战略行为模型的平衡,关键取决于一个对手,相信另一个对手将在特定情况下做什么。 因此,定性特征的结果可能依赖于价格竞争方 式是仿照(如伯特兰或古诺) ,或如先发优势的战略不对称的存在或不存在。 运用博弈论分析的战略举措,可以被认为是在这个意义上,可以追求多期分析直观正式为“动态”。 然而,我们在本文在不同的意义上使用的术语“动态”,指的是快速变化的技术和市场的力量,和“反馈”对企业的影响情况。 We have a particular view of the contexts in which the strategic conflict literature is relevant to strategic management. Firms that have a tremendous cost or other petitive advantage visavis their rivals ought not be transfixed by the moves and countermoves of their rivals. Their petitive fortunes will swing more on total demand conditions, not on how petitors deploy and redeploy their petitive assets. Put differently, when there are gross asymmetries in petitive advantage between firms, the results of gametheo。
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