会计英文文献077：控制与财务管理

会计英文文献077：控制与财务管理内容摘要：

s: (6) gross margin in %= gross margin/ sales 100 The term sales expresses the total volume of money (. EUR, USD or GBP) after all refunds have been paid (Levy/Weitz 2020) (and after sales tax): (7) Net sales=gross amount of sales costumer returns customer allowances The profit margin in % relates profits to sales: (8) Net profit margin in %= profit/ sales100 This “bottom line” profitability is useful for parisons across panies. 2. Profit Path The different profit margin models or formulas can be illustrated by a firm’s profit path (see Figure ). Profit Path Gross margin Total expenses Net profit before taxes Taxes Net profit aftertaxes Net sales Net profit margin(in%) Net Sales Cost of goods sold Operating experience Interest expenses Source: Adapted from Levy/Weitz 2020, p. 165. Expenses are the costs incurred by a retail pany in the normal course of business. There are three types of retail operating expenses (Levy/Weitz 2020, p. 192):  selling expenses  general expenses  administrative expenses Selling expenses prise sales staff salaries, mission and benefits. General expense includes rent and utilities. Administrative expenses prehend salaries of all employees other than sales personnel, operational costs incurred by buying offices and other administrative expenses. 3. Operating Profit Analysis in Retail Chains As a simplified example of an operating profit analysis in retail chains, Table provides a calculation of gross margin and operating profit for a retail store and the aggregation from the store level to the pany level. Operating Profit: Department, Store and Company Level Step Position Store A Store B Company 0 sales ./. costs of goods sold ∑ ∑ X X X X ∑ ∑ 1 gross margin ./. salaries ./. rent ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ 2 operating profit (department level) ./. other store level costs ∑ ∑ 3 operating profit (store level) ./. costs of headquarter 4 operating profit (pany level) 4. Financial Performance Evaluation To evaluate the fina。