信息管理英语教程_中英文对照翻译_第七篇

信息管理英语教程_中英文对照翻译_第七篇内容摘要：

d shell, while early writing in India was done on palm leaves and birch bark. Applications of technology yielded other materials for writing. The Chinese had recorded their pictographs on silk, using brushes made from animal hair, long before they invented paper. The Egyptians first wrote on cotton, but they began using papyrus sheets and rolls made from the fibrous lining of the papyrus plant during the 4th millennium bc. The reed brush and a palette of ink were the implements with which they wrote hieroglyphic script. Writing on parchment, a material that was superior to papyrus and was made from the prepared skins of animals, became monplace about 200 bc, some 300 years after its first recorded use, and the quill pen replaced the reed brush. By the 4th century AD, parchment came to be the principal writing material in Europe. 从早期人类学会象征性地表达一些概念是开始 , 人们用任何很容易得到的材 料 ,来记录这些概念的实质 .苏美尔楔形文字 ,是一种楔形字母 ,它被尖笔刻在 土桌上 , 这些土桌随后还要经过太阳 或烤箱的烘干 , 使它变硬 . 最早的中国文字 , 要追溯到公元前 2020 年 ,被记录在动物骨骼和贝壳上 .同期 ,早期的印度文字 被记录在棕榈叶和树皮上 .技术的应用产生了其他的书写材料 .中国人用动物毛 制成的毛笔在丝绸上记录象形文字 ,不久以后 ,他们发明了纸 .埃及人第一个在 棉布上书写 ,但在公元前 4000 年他们已经开始使用纸莎草植物的纤维做成的席 子和卷状物书写 .用芦苇毛笔和砚墨是实现他们写象形文字的根本 . 羊皮纸是一 种优于莎草纸的材料 ,它是由动物皮毛制成的 ,它的普及大约是在公元 前 100 年 ,在它约 300 年后首次使用鹅毛笔取代芦苇笔在羊皮纸上书写 .到了公元 4 世纪 ,羊皮纸成为了欧洲主要的书写材料 . 10. Paper was invented in China at the beginning of the 2nd century ad, and for some 600 years its use was confined to East Asia. In ad 751 Arab and Chinese armies clashed at the Battle of Talas, near Samarkand。 among the Chinese taken captive were some papermakers from whom the Arabs learned the techniques. From the 7th century on, paper became the dominant writing material of the Islamic world. Papermaking finally reached Spain and Sicily in the 12th century, and it took another three centuries before it was practiced in Germany。 在公元 2 世纪初中国发明了纸 ,并约在 600 多年后纸才传到远东地区使用 . 在公元 751 年 ,中国军队和阿拉伯军队在撒马尔罕附近的塔拉斯战役发生冲突 , 于是就有阿拉伯人从那些中国战俘中学会了造纸术 .从 7 世纪开始 ,纸成为了伊 斯兰世界书写的主要材料 .在 12 世纪 (纸的发明后 1000 年 ) ,造纸术终于传到 了西班牙和西西里岛 ,在它传到德国 之前还要再花上 3 个世纪 . 11. With the invention of printing from movable type, typesetting became the standard method of creating copy. Typesetting was an entirely manual operation until the adoption of a typewriterlike keyboard in the 19th century. In fact, it was the typewriter that mechanized the process of recording original text. Although the typewriter was invented during the early 18th century in England, the first practical version, constructed by the American inventor Christopher Latham Sholes, did not appear until 1867. The mechanical typewriter finally found wide use after World War I. Today its electronic variant, the puter video terminal, is used pervasively to record original text. 随着印刷活字印刷术的发明 ,排版成为建立印刷的标准方法 .排版完全是手 工操作 ,直到在 19 世纪一台例如键盘式打字机的采用 .事实上 ,这 就是打字机 机械化进程的记录原文 .尽管打印机在英国的 18 世纪早期被发明 ,第一个实体 , 直到 1867 年才由美国的克里斯托夫 *拉森 *授斯做出来 . 机械打印机在第一次世 界大战后被广泛使用 .现在 ,它的电子形式 ??电脑视频终端 ,越来越多的被用 来记录原始的文本 . 12. Recording of original nontextual (image) information was a manual process until the d。