m216na1000

m216na1000内容摘要：

ites  count on the masses rather than on court etc. = popularization ( deelitarization, simplification, “democratization”)  orientated towards “global standard/norms” Weltanschauung and Literature Modernism / Realism – Postmodernism 19th c. 1923 1980 time progressist ideologies, futureoriented Ottoman Empire | T252。 rkiye Cumhuriyeti „Republic of T.“ (TC) Modernism Postmodernism reforms (tanzimat) Kemalist nationstate Postkemalism Realism Enlightenment Mimetic Realism Postrealism cf. EG: 1981 Sadat Mubarak Iran: 1979 Shah Khomeini US: 1981 Reagan 90s: Bush, „New World Order“ SU: 1985 Gorbachev 1991 collapse H. Barakat Formative Period || nationbuilding | postWW II transition [..........???.........] 24 7 stages of – also literary – history = 7 attitudes vis224。 vis ”the West”  Reform period (19th c.)  Nationalism (early 20th c.)  Disillusionment (177。 1930)  Independence (early 1950s)  Beginning doubts (late 1950s / early 1960s)  Post1967 (shock of June War)  Postmodern (1980s ff.) 25 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。 vis ”the West” (1) Reform period (19th c.)  belief in necessity (and possibility) to „recover“ and catch up with global standards = reforms  early 19th c.: „West“ is not yet a concept, and no „enemy“。 later: „West/East“ ( colonialism)  new elite: the European as chief authority, ”Best228。 tiger vom Dienst“ (R. Wielandt)  old elite (., court administratives, ʿulamāʾ ): strictly conservative reactions  others: reform from within! nahḍah (cultural „renaissance“) [secular]  Islamic fundamentalist reformism (iṣlāḥ : J. alAfghānī, M. ʿAbduh, R. Riḍā, ʿA. alKawākibī) 26 Ideologisk forspill f248。 r 1914 Reformislam osv. cf. forelesning 4 (BOU) Islamsk oppv229。 kning Jamāl alDīn alAfghānī 18391897 Muḥammad ʿAbduh 18491905 Arabisk (proto)nasjonalisme ʿAbd alRaḥmān alKawākibī 18491902 1900: krever et arabisk kalifat 27 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。 vis ”the West” (1) Reform period (19th c.) (cont.)  literature at the service of reform:  edition of classical texts, lexica, dictionaries, revival of old genres = make heritage accessible amp。 bear fruits。 + neoclassicism  printing of „folk“ literature = „relaxed“ entertainment  presentation and discussion of reform models (pros and cons)  teaching innovations and „real“ morals = edification  exposure of social „evils“, .  criticism of tafarnuj / alafranga z252。 ppelik (ignorant/ unreflected imitation of European lifestyles, „dandyism“)  historical novels teach Arab history = national consciousness and pride (Jurjī Zaydān) 28 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。 vis ”the West” (12) pre–WW I  classicism, neomaqāmah . Muḥ. amp。 Ibr. alMuwayliḥī  contemplativity, ‘romantic’ idealism, sentimentalism . Muṣṭafā L. alManfalūṭī, Jubrān Khalīl Jubrān  larmoyant rebellion, sentimental outcry alManfalūṭī, Jubrān  early national literature, rural life . Muḥ. Ḥ. Haykal 29 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。 vis ”the West” (2) Nationalism (early 20th c.) Middle Eastern nationalisms are...  the main ideology of the secular modernizers („engineers“)  a reaction to increased European dominance, colonialism, occupation etc. F248。 rste verdenskrig – ny verdensordning, nye stater cf. forelesning 4 (BOU) Sprikende britiske l248。 fter:  Husayn – McMahon korrespondansen 19151916  SykesPicot avtalen 1916  Balfourerkl230。 ringen 1917 Mandatstiden etter F248。 rste verdenskrig 30 Hvem er en araber? Ulike typer nasjonal identitet cf. forelesning 10 (Linda Helgesen)  qawm (folk, etnisk gruppe) Den fruktbare halvm229。 ne waṭan (land, territorium) Egypt, Algerie  ummah (fellesskap, s230。 rlig verdens muslimer) Egypt, Algerie 31 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。 vis ”the West” (2) Nationalism (early 20th c.) ‘National literature’: From idealistic hope to disillusioned sobriety (ca. 1910WW II) 0. Programs of “National Literature” 1. Early, ‘na239。 ve’, idealistic adab qawmī • ., Maḥmūd Taymūr 2. National enthusiasm, belief in progress (≈ ”Yes, we can!”) • ., Ṭāhā Ḥusayn 3. Doubts and desillusionment (≈ ”Can we really?”) • ., Tawfīq alḤakīm 4. Reconstruction: other idealisms (≈ ”Since we can NOT, let’s try something else!”) • ., Tawfīq alḤakīm, Y. Ḥaqqī 32 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。 vis ”the West” () Early National Literature  local contents! countryside (often ‚romantically‘ idealized, idyllic) „typical“ characters, local co。