livingenvironmentandhealth

livingenvironmentandhealth内容摘要：

y and sentitivity 5. Allergy: (1) Allergen exist in air including dust etc. (2) Some pollutants such as SO2, formaldehyde, petroleum product Effect of air pollution on immunological petence in children 地区 杀菌力指数 溶菌酶 (mg/L) 碱性磷酸酶活性 工业区 177。 25177。 177。 对照区 177。 177。 177。 (三 ) longterm effect 1. Chronic poisoning: metal, such as Pb, Cd, Cr, As, F, and Hg. 2. Carcinogenesis: (1) exist carcinogen, such as arsenic, benzo(a)pyrene (2) air pollution associated with morbidity and mortality from lung cancer. Indirect harm of air pollution on health • Acid rain • Greenhouse effect • Ozone depletion • Climatic changes indirect health hazards of air pollution Acid rain • When a pollutant, such as sulfuric acid bines with droplets of water in the air, the water (or snow) can bee acidified . • The effects of acid rain on the environment can be very serious. It damages plants by destroying their leaves, it poisons the soil, and it changes the chemistry of lakes and streams. Greenhouse effect • The Greenhouse Effect, also referred to as global warming, is generally believed to e from the build up of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. • This buildup acts like a blanket and traps heat close to the surface of our earth. • Carbon dioxide is produced when fuels are burned. • The amount of carbon dioxide in the air is continuing to increase. • Changes of even a few degrees will affect us all through changes in the climate and even the possibility that the polar ice caps may melt. (One of the consequences of polar ice cap melting would be a rise in global sea level, resulting in widespread coastal flooding.) Ozone depletion • Ozone depletion is another result of pollution. Chemicals released by our activities affect the stratosphere , one of the atmospheric layers surrounding earth. • The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The health effects of major air pollutants • Sulphur dioxide • Suspended particulate matter (SPM) • Oxides of Nitrogen • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(多环芳烃 ) • Dioxins(二 口 恶英类 ) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) • Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is a gas produced from burning coal, mainly in thermal power plants. Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce sulphur dioxide. • It is a major contributor to smog and acid rain. Sulfur dioxide can lead to lung diseases. (1) SO2+ H2SO4: • 刺激眼、鼻咽粘膜 • 刺激上呼吸道收缩、分泌增多；炎症、腐蚀性组织坏死；致急性支气管炎、肺水肿。 (2) SO2+飘尘 ： 进入肺深部 FeO3 H2SO4 肺纤维病变 肺气肿 (3) SO2: 变态反应原，引起支气管哮喘 (4) SO2+B(a)P： 促癌作用 SO2来源于含硫燃料（煤、石油）的燃烧。 Nitrogen oxide (Nox) • Nitrogen oxide (Nox) is produced from burning fuels including petrol, diesel, and coal. NOx(little watersolubility) Little stimulation to eyes and upper airway it is easy to intrude into deep airway and air sac （ peroxidation of alveolar surfactant， damage the ciliated epithelial cells and alveolar cell ， cause emphysema,wet lung, COPD） NOx nitrite(亚硝酸盐 ) bine with hemoglobin(血红蛋白 ) Decrease the oxygen carrying capacity Organiztion hypoxia • The pulmonary damage is obvious when the most amount of Nitrogen oxide is NO2. But when the most amount of Nitrogen oxide is NO,methemoglobinemia and the damage to the central nerve • Nitrogen oxide (Nox) causes smog and acid rain. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) • Suspended particulate matter (SPM) consists of solids in the air in the form of smoke, dust, and vapour that can remain suspended for extended periods and is also the main source of haze which reduces visibility. • The finer of these particles, when breathed in can lodge in our lungs and cause lung damage and respiratory problems. Health effect of SPM： • Blockage effect to partial anization • immunotoxicity • “carrier”function • promotion（ metal ） • Influence solar radiation • Longterm hazard Air Pollution • Persons spend nearly 75 percent of their life time indoors at work,at school,and at home or between these places in an have more chances to expose to indoor air pollutants than outdoor air pollutants. • For infants, the elderly, persons with chronic diseases, and most urban residents of any age, the proportion is probably higher,so they are at greater risk. • In addition, the concentrations of many pollutants indoors exceed those outdoors. • The indoor environment has only recently been widely appreciated as a major contributor to total personsal exposure. • Indoor air pollution is now identified as one of the most critical global environmental problems. Magnitude SickBuilding Syndromes(SBS) • This collection of ailments,defined by a set of persistent symptoms enduring at least 2 weeks,occurs in at least 20 percent of those exposed and is typically of unknown specific etiology but is relieved sometime after an affected individual leaves the offending building. Symptoms Commonly Associated with the SickBuilding Syndromes • Eyes,nose,and throat irritation • Headaches • Fatigue • Reduced attention span • Irritability • Nasal congestion • Difficulty breathing • Nosebleeds • Dry skin • Nausea Sources • Indoor air pollutants may be physical,chemical or biological. • There are many sources of indoor air pollution. Tobacco smoke, cooking and heating appliances, and vapors from building materials, paints, furniture, etc. • Pollution exposure at home and work is often greater than outdoors. ⑴ Combustion products (2)Human activities(tobacco smoke) (3)building and decorative materials (4)。