新课程理念下的中学英语阅读教学

新课程理念下的中学英语阅读教学内容摘要：

think so. A： Look at the clouds. It looks like rain. B： I am afraid so. 3 省略 (ellipsis) 省略是指为了避免重复，突出主要信息，对语言结构中的某个成分省去不提。 从某种程度上讲，省略结构在句法上是不完整的，但这并不意味着省略结构是不可理解的，因为受话者可以从上下文中找到被省略的成分。 正是由于省略结构与被省略成分之间的这种预设关系使句子或语篇前后衔接。 1) 名词性省略 A: Have some soup, please. B: Sorry, there isn’ t any. 2) 动词性省略 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy． The Chinese use two brush strokes to write the word crisis. One brush stroke stands for danger, the other for opportunity. In crisis, be aware of the danger。 but recognize the opportunity. 危机 = 危 险 +机 遇 二、 词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion) 词汇衔接是指：语篇中的一些词在上下文中重复出现或由其他词汇替代的现象。 通过词汇的重复，同义，反义，上下义，互补等关系来使语篇语义连贯。 词汇复现分为四种： 1 原词复现， 2 同义词，近义词复现， 3 上下义词复现， 4 反义词复现。 1 I don’ t like dogs. Actually I hate dogs. （原词复现） 2 My brother Tim is really good at sports. He plays football, basketball and baseball as well. （上下义复现） 3 Tom is a smart boy. He always has a lot of clever ideas about how to make money for his class. （同义词复现） 4 . A: On my next day off, I don’ t want to go for a drive. That sounds really boring. B: Oh, really? But I think that sounds fun. （反义词复现） 三、逻辑连接 (conjunction) 逻辑连接是指表示两个或更多句子之间的某种逻辑手段，并指出句子是在什么意义上互相连接起来的。 逻辑连接可分以下 10类 : 请看以下逻辑衔接的功能及其语篇标记 (discourse markers)。 1 列举 (enumerative) 介绍事情的先后顺序或事情发生的时间 顺序。 first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), next , then, finally, for one thing, for another thing, eventually, in the end, to conclude 2 增补 (additive) and, again, then again, also, moreover, furthermore, in addition, above all, what is more, equally, similarly, likewise, in the same way 3 总结 (summative) so, so far, altogether, overall, then, thus, therefore, in short, to sum up, to conclude, to summarize 4 结果 (resultative) so, as a result, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, in consequence 5 解释 (explicative) namely, in other words, that is to say, better, rather, by (this) we mean 6 举例 (illustrative) for example, for instance 7 替代 (replacive) alternatively, or again, or rather, but then, on the other hand 8 对照 (antithetic) instead, then, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand 9 让步 (concessive) anyway, anyhow, however, nevertheless, still, though, in spite of, all the same 10 原因 (causal) because, so, for, for this reason, that’ s why I want to be a reporter for a fashion magazine. So how am I going to do it? First, I’ m going to find a parttime job for a year or two and save some money. Then I’ m going to be a student at an art school in Paris. And I’ m going to study French at the same time. Next, I’ m going to hold art exhibitions because I want to be rich and famous. I’ m going to buy a big house with the money and I’ m going to travel all over the world. Finally, I’ m going to retire somewhere quiet and beautiful. Etiquette is not the same in every culture or in every situation. For example, standing very close to the person you are talking with is quite mon in some Asian countries. However, if you do this in Europe, some people might feel unfortable. …( 举例，让步和转折 ) Although rules of etiquette can often be different, some rules are the same almost everywhere in the world! For example, dropping litter is almost never allowed. If you see someone you know doing this, you can ask them, “ Would you mind picking it up?” 衔接与连贯的关系 关于连贯，许多语言学家作过描述， Nunan (1993) 认为连贯是篇章被感觉到是一个整体而不是一串不相关语句的程度。 McCarthy (1993)认为连贯是对于篇章有一个意义整体，而非无意义堆砌的一种感觉。 我国学者一般认为衔接是词汇和语法方面的手段，连贯是采用这些手段所得到的结果。 “连贯与衔接的不同在于，连贯是主观的，衔接是客观的，衔接是篇章的一种特征，连贯是对篇章评价的一个方面，它只能有读者的评价来衡量。 篇章的连贯是相对的而不是绝对的，篇章的连贯程度有一个较大的范围：从最连贯到最不连贯”。 语篇连贯评价的标准是语段必须有一个主题。 语篇中的其他部分都是这个主题的一部分，而且是为这个主题服务的。 连贯的语篇应具有单一性，即不能把几层相对独立的意思拥挤在一个语段里。 同时，连贯应具有完整性，即每一段要把一个相对独立的意思说完。 Animals perform many useful and entertaining jobs. Dogs are particularly valuable in guiding the blind, protecting property, finding lost people, and hunting animals. Horses are used in guiding herds, carrying men in lands where there are no roads, and helping farmers work their land. Pigeons have long been used to carry messages. Wild animals from jungles, forests and seas are very popular performers in circus and moving pictures. People realize that, although animals may not have the same intelligence as human beings, they are smart enough to learn certain things. 语义完整而连贯的语篇 主题句（概括陈述）。