trade–whatarethegainsandwhogetsthem

trade–whatarethegainsandwhogetsthem内容摘要：

rnment revenue, and in some cases considerably more. 2. If tariffs are reduced or eliminated, these countries will have to impose large increases in other taxes in order to keep their budgets in line. There are also substantial costs to developing countries from trade liberalization: 3. The removal of trade barriers is also likely to lead to large disruptions in agriculture. Standard economic models implicitly assume that these people are reemployed in other sectors of the economy, but rapid import liberalization can lead to substantial unemployment and underemployment, as well as dangerous levels of social and economic instability. Additional Costs: 1. Recent trade agreements, such as the TRIPS provisions in the WTO, have sought to impose style patent and copyright protections in developing countries. The World Bank39。 s estimates indicate that the cost of TRIPS to developing countries is likely to be parable to any gains they might receive from trade liberalization. Additional Costs: 2. As a result of increasing instability in world financial markets, developing countries have felt the need to vastly increase their holdings of foreign exchange reserves. The opportunity costs of these increased reserve holdings are also of the same magnitude as the World Bank’s projections for the benefits of trade liberalization. It’s Not About Free Trade Few economists or policymakers are advocating free t。