[高三英语]江苏高中英语语法总结

[高三英语]江苏高中英语语法总结内容摘要：

d news. 4）在非正式英语中，当名词性从句做句子的宾语或表语时， that 可以省略。 如： She wished (that) someone would e along to help her. The truth is (that) the buses will not be running. 1． 我们用 if 或 whether 来引导名词性从句。 1） 当从句是个一般疑问句时，我们用 if 或 whether 来引导名词性从句。 我们把 if 或whether 后面从句的顺序改成陈述句的语序。 如： She wondered. Would the buses still be running? She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running. 2） 介词后只能用 whether，而不能用 if。 如： She is not certain about whether she has done anything wrong. 3） 当从句做主语放在句子开头时，只能用 whether，而不能用 if。 如： Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering. 14 4） 只能用 whether or not，而不能用 if or not。 如： I want to know whether or not the train goes to King Street. 2． 如果 and 或 but 引导两个并列的 that 或 whether/if 引导的名词性从句，后一个句子的that 或 whether/if 不可省。 如： He said that he liked rain very much and that he wouldn’ t use an umbrella when it was raining. No one knows whether it will be fine tomorrow and whether he will e to work. 第 二 单元 一 名词性从句：由疑问词引导的名词性从句 我们用以下的疑问词来引导名词性从句： what, which, who/whom, whose, when, where, why and how。 1． 当从句是 wh引导的疑问句时，我们用疑问词来引导名词性从句。 从句可以做句子的主语，宾语或表语。 如： Where a person es from will affect their style of speech. You can begin to see why English has such strange rules. That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules. 2． 我们把疑问词后面的句式改成陈述句的语序。 如： What are people from the north saying? People from the south find it difficult to understand. People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the 15 north are saying. 3．在任何情况下，都不可以省略名词性从句中的疑问引导词。 二 形式主语 it 在英语中，我们通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用于强调。 这被称做句末强调 效果。 用形式主语 it 就可以达到这一效果。 It 只是语法意义上的主语，真正的主语在句子的后面。 1． 我们通常用 it 来做形式主语。 1） 当我们用一个名词性从句来做句子的主语时： （更好的） It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today. （正确的） That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain. 2） 当主语是带 to 的动词不定式时： （更好的） It is hard to master a foreign language. （正确的） To master a foreign language is hard. 3） 当主语是动词 ing 形式时： （更好的） Smoking is difficult to stop. （正确的） It is difficult to stop smoking. 2． It 可以被放在 seem， appear， happen， chance， turn out 和 prove 前做句子的形式主语。 如： It seems that he speaks two languages.=he seems to speak two languages. It happens that my new neighbor es from my hometown.=my new neighbor happens to e from my hometown. 3． 我们可以用句型 it+be+被强调的名词或短语 +that 或 who 引导的从句来强调句子中的主语，宾语或状语。 如： It was last night (not any other time)that I read about the history of English. 如果不强调任何成分，句子可以是： 16 I read about the history of English last night. 第 三 单元 一 宾语不足语 1．宾语 补 足语为宾语提供更多的信息。 如： They called her the Loulan Beauty. 2． 宾语补足语通常以下面形式出现：动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语，宾语补足语通常可以是名词短语或形容词。 如： They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society. We found the ruins most interesting. 3． 有时侯带 to 的动词不定式和不带 to 的动词不定式可以做宾语补足语。 如： They believed him to be honest. Professor Zhang’ s speech made us all laugh. 4． 宾语补足语可以时介词短语。 如： She found ourselves in the middle of a desert. 5． 宾语不足语通常和宾语在数上是一致的。 如： She made Joe her assistant. She made Joe and Sue her assistants. 二 Either… or… 和 Neither… nor… 1．我们用 either…or…来表示选择性。 如：（连接主语） either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now. 17 (连接动词 ) people either tried to escape or stayed in their houses. (连接宾语 )we could choose to eat either noodles or rice. (连接状语 )they are going to the museum either today or tomorrow. 3． 我们用 neither…nor…来连接表示否定的观点。 （ both…and…的反义词） 如： neither the museum nor the site itself interested her. They neither told me the location nor showed me the map. I ate neither the noodles nor the rice. They went there neither by train nor by air. 三 主谓一致 主谓一致是指在主语后选择正确的单复数形式。 以下几点帮助我们决定动词是单数或是复数。 1． 动词应是单数，如果主语是： 1） 单数的名词或不可数名词 如： the city was founded in the 8th century BC. The food they offered on the plane was delicious. 2) 计量的短语， 标题或名字 如： two hours is too short for the visit. Little women is a great novel. 3) 一个短语或从句 如： travelling to Pompeii is exciting. That it keeps raining worries the tourists. 2． 动词应是复数，如果主语是： 1） 一个复数名词 如： both cities were very rich. 18 2） 由 and 连接的两个或两个以上的单词或短语 如： the noodles and rice they offered on the plane were quite plain. 3． 当主语是 all of/ most of/ some of/ half of/ a part of +名词 /代词，动词与名词或代词保持一致。 如： all of us have attended the lecture about Pompeii. Most of the lecture was about how the ancient city was discovered. 4． 当主语是集合名词，如 band, crowd, class, dozen, family, public, team 时，如果名词指代的是集体，动词用单数；如果名词指代的是个体，动词用复数。 如： our team is very important to me. Our team are now traveling to Xinjiang. 5． 当主语是 news, physics, mathematics, Aids 时，动词用单数；当主语是 goods, clothes, congratulations, earnings, remains, belongings 时，动词用复数。 如： the latest news is that the Loulan Beauty is being displayed in Shanghai. All their belongings were destroyed in the earthquake. 6． 当 either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…,连接句子的主语时，动词采取就近原则。 如： either the team leader or the guides are looking after the students. Either the guides or the team leader is looking after the students. 注：当主语是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/no one/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/each one/either/neither/one时，动词用 单数。 19 牛津高中英语 － 模块 四 第一单元 一 直接引语和间接引语 1． 我们用直接引语来阐述 所 说的话。 如果我们把引语写下来，这些单词就会被放在引号 但是，我们通常更愿意用间接引语来阐述所说的话。 直接引语： She said, “ China has been using PSAs to educate people.” 间接引语： She said China had been using PSAs to educate people. 2．我们可以通过把。