生物技术转基因食品安全geneticallymodifiedfoodsafetyissues英文论文

生物技术转基因食品安全geneticallymodifiedfoodsafetyissues英文论文内容摘要：

foods derived from geically modified anisms (GMOs). Two years after the first successful transformation experiment in plants (tobacco) in 1988, the International Food Biotechnology Council (IFBC) published the first report on the issue of safety assessment of these new varieties (IFBC, 1990). The parative approach described in this report has laid the basis for later safety evaluation strategies. Other 4 anizations, such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) have developed further guidelines for safety assessment which have obtained broad international consensus among experts on food safety evaluation. At 1993. the OECD formulated the concept of substantial equivalence as a guiding tool for the assessment of geically modified foods, which has been further elaborated in the following years (OECD, 1993。 OECD, 1996。 OECD, 1998。 Figure 1). The concept of substantial equivalence is part of a safety evaluation framework based on the idea that existing foods can serve as a basis for paring the properties of a geically modified food with the appropriate counterpart. The existing food supply is considered to be safe, as experienced by a long history of use, although it is recognized that foods may contain many antinutrients and toxicants which, at certain levels of consumption, may induce deleterious effects in humans and animals. Application of the concept is not a safety assessment per se, but helps to identify similarities and potential differences between the existing food and the new product, which is then subject to further toxicological investigation. Three scenarios are envisioned in which the geically modified plant or food would be (i) substantially equivalent。 (ii) substantially equivalent except for the inserted trait。 or (iii) not equivalent at all. A positional analysis of key ponents, including key nutrients and natural toxicants, is the basis of assessment of substantial equivalence, in addition to phenotypic and agronomic characteristics of the geically modified plant. In the first scenario, no further specific testing is required as the product has been characterized as substantially equivalent to a traditional counterpart whose consumption is considered to be safe, for example, starch from potato. In the second scenario, substantial equivalence would apply except for the inserted trait, and so the focus of the safety testing is on this trait, for example, an insecticidal protein of geically modified tomato. Safety tests include specific toxicity testing according to the nature and function of the newly expressed protein。 potential occurence of unintended effects。 potential for gene transfer from geically modified foods to human/animal gut flora。 the potential allergenicity of the newly inserted traits。 and the。