培训讲义经济学-externalities(编辑修改稿)

培训讲义经济学-externalities(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

technology policy. 来自 中国最大的资料库下载 Technology Policy Patent laws are a form of technology policy that give the individual (or firm) with patent protection a property right over its invention. The patent is then said to internalize the externality. 来自 中国最大的资料库下载 Internalizing Production Externalities Taxes are the primary tools used to internalize negative externalities. Subsidies are the primary tools used to internalize positive externalities. 来自 中国最大的资料库下载 Consumption Externalities... Quantity of Education 0 Price of Education Q MARKET Demand (private value) Social value Q OPTIMUM (b) Positive Consumption Externality Supply (private cost) Quantity of Alcohol 0 Price of Alcohol Q MARKET Demand (private value) Supply (private cost) Social value Q OPTIMUM (a) Negative Consumption Externality 来自 中国最大的资料库下载 Externalities and Market Inefficiency  Negative externalities in production or consumption lead markets to produce a larger quantity than is socially desirable.  Positive externalities in production or consumption lead markets to produce a larger quantity than is socially desirable. 来自 中国最大的资料库下载 Private Solutions to Externalities Government action is not always needed to solve the problem of externalities. 来自 中国最大的资料库下载 Types of Private Solutions to Externalities Moral codes and social sanctions Charitable anizations Integrating different types of businesses Contracting between parties 来自 中国最大的资料库下载 The Coase Theorem The Coase Theorem states that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, then the private market will always solve the problem of externalities on its own and allocate resources efficiently. 来自 中国最大的资料库下载 Transactions Costs Transaction costs are the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargain. 来自 中国最大的资料库下载 Why Private Solutions Do Not Always Work Sometimes the private solution approach fails because transaction costs can be so high that private agreement is not possible. 来自 中国最大的资料库下载 Public Policy Toward Externalities When externalities are significant and private solutions are not found,。