viilanguageinuse

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t always follow the maxims. Sometimes they will violate them.  However, although the speaker may violate some maxims, on a deeper level, the CP is still upheld.  QUANTITY  QUALITY  RELATION  MANNER Violation of Quantity Where did John go? To the library. At least he said so when he left the room  It implies that the second speaker is not sure if John went to the library or not. Violation of Quantity  He is made of iron.  The speaker implies that he is very brave or very cold Violation of Relation “刚才那个人简直是胡言乱语”。 “天气不错，哈。 ” The speaker implies that the conversation may not be continued. Violation of Manner  I veto ICE CREAMS. (ambiguity)  他发出了一系列声音。 （ prolixity) Characteristics of implicature  Calculability:  Cancellability (defeasibility):  Nondetachability:  Nonconventionality: Calculability:  Implicatures are calculable, that is, they can be calculated on the basis of some previous information. －今晚去看电影吗。 －我明天有考试。 Cancellability (defeasibility):  As the presence of a conversational implicature relies on a number of factors, if any of the factors changes, the implicature will also change. John has three cows.（ 2， 3， 4） John has three cows, if not more.（ 2， 3， 4） John has at least three cow. John has only three cows. Nondetachability:  It means that a conversational implicature is attached to the semantic content of what is said, not to the linguistic , it is possible to use a synonym and keep the implicature implicature will not be detached, separated from the utterance as a whole, even though the specific words may be changed. John is a genius. John is a mental prodigy. John is an enormously intellect. John is a big brain. John is an idiot. Nonconventionality:  Conversational implicature cannot be decided by the semantic meaning of the individual word. John is a genius. John is a mental prodigy. John is an enormously intellect. implicature vs. entailment John has three cows. John has some cows. John has some animals. John has something. Entailment is part of the conventional meaning, but there is no way to work out an entailment on the basis of the CP and the context. Entailment is constant in all contexts and is determinate, while implicature is indeterminate, which varies with context. Conversational implicature  It is a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. PostGricean Development  1. Relevance theory (Sperber and Wilson)  2. The Q and Rprinciples (Laurence Horn)  3. The Q, I, and Mprinciples (Stephen Levinson) Relevance theory  Dan Sperber amp。 Deirdre Wilson。