systemic-functionalgrammar李鸿蕊

systemic-functionalgrammar李鸿蕊内容摘要：

egory Meaning Participants Material: Action Event Doing: Doing, happening Actor, Goal Behavioural Behaving Behaver Mental: Perception Affection, Cognition Sensing: seeing feeling, thinking Senser, Phenomenon Verbal saying Sayer, receiver,verbiage Relational: Attribution Identification Being: attributing identifying Carrier, Attribute, Identifier, Identified, Token, Value Existential existing Existent Participants 1. Beneficiary The beneficiary is the one to whom or for whom the process is said to take place. It appears in material and verbal processes, and sometimes in relational processes. . He gave her a book. (Actor Process Beneficiary Goal) He bought a present for her. (Actor Process Goal Beneficiary) Participants 2. Range The Range is the element that specifies the range or scope of the process. It may occur in material, behavioural, mental, and verbal process. He climbed the mountain. They moved the mountain. material process (range) (goal) mental process He likes it. (it specifies the domain of one’s liking) Participants 2. Range Verbal process: the range element expresses the class, quality, or quantity of what is said. She speaks German. (class) He asked a difficult question. (quality) He made a log speech. (quantity) Circumstances Extent and Location Manner (Means, Quality and Comparison) Cause (Reason, Purpose and Behalf) Acpaniment Matter Role 1. Extent and Location Extent is related with the notion of distance and duration (a stretch, a period) whereas Location is related with the notion of place and time (a spot, a point). Both of them can express spatial and temporal meanings. He walked two miles. (Extent: spatial) He stayed for two weeks. (Extent: temporal) He studied in the classroom. (Location: spatial) He gets up at six o’clock. (Location: temporal) 2. Manner Manner consists of three subcategories: Means, Quality, Comparison. (1a) The pig was beaten with the stick. (1b) She beat the pig with the stick. (2a) The pig was beaten by a stick. (2b) The stick beat the pig. Means refers to the means or instruments whereby a process takes place. instrument actor, agent 2. Manner Quality represents various meanings such as degree. . It puzzled him too much. Comparison represents the meaning of similarity or difference. It is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase with like or unlike. . He worked like a slave. He signed his name differently. 3. Cause Three subcategories: Reason, Purpose, and Behalf. Behalf represents entity, ―on whose behalf or for whose sake the action is undertaken‖. He died of starvation. (Cause: Reason) Let’s go for a walk. (Cause: Purpose) He put in a word on John’s behalf. (Cause: Behalf) Reason represents the reason for which a process takes place. Purpose represents the purpose for which a process takes place. 4. Acpaniment This semantic element represents the meanings and (positive acpaniment), not (negative acpaniment) as circumstantials. It is expres。