ictandpower(electricity)

ictandpower(electricity)内容摘要：

tor distribution, consumption (utilization), and quality of service  Requires a change in mindset, and the willingness of utilities to innovate Rahul Tongia, CMU 21 Case study on IT for power sector improvement in India  India today has the world’s largest number of persons lacking electricity   400 million (equivalent to Africa’s unserved!)  Reforms began in 1991  Vertically integrated government department monopolies are being broken  Initial focus was on generation  New realization that distribution is the key to India’s power sector viability  Newer entities should be run as businesses Many parallels to other developing countries Rahul Tongia, CMU 22 India’s Power Sector Overview  5th largest in the world – 107,000+ MW of capacity  But, per capita consumption is very low  350 kWh, vs. world average over 2,000 kWh  40% of households (60% of rural HH) lack electricity  In very dire straits  Supply Demand  Blackouts are mon, with shortfall estimated between 1015%  Most utilities are heavily lossmaking, with an average rate of return of negative 30% or worse (on asset base)  High levels of losses = 25+%  Technical losses – poor design and operation  Commercial losses (aka theft) often over 10% Rahul Tongia, CMU 23 Reasons for the problems  Agricultural sector  Consumes 1/3 of the power, provides 5% of revenues  Pumpsets are overwhelmingly unmetered – just pay flat rate based on pump size  Adds to uncertainty in technical losses vs. mercial losses and usage  Utilities lack load duration curves to optimize generation and utilize Demand Side Management  All generation is assumed to be baseload, and priced accordingly  Leads to poor energy supply portfolio  Doesn’t send correct signals to consumers, either  Utilities end up using just average costing numbers, not recognizing the marginal costs Rahul Tongia, CMU 24 Idea – use IT for power sector management  Posit – If new meters are to be installed, why not “smart” digital meters, which are also controllable, and municationsenabled?  Incremental costs would be low  Instead of just quantity of power, can also improve quality of power  Analysis presented is based on collaborative work with a major utility in India (name withheld for confidentiality reasons) Rahul Tongia, CMU 25 Quality of Power  India is focusing on quantity of power only  Current “shortfall” numbers are contrived  Based only on loadshedding with minor correction for frequency  Do no factor in peak clipping fully  Do not account for lack of access (., over 60% of rural homes lack connections)  Quality norms are often missed  Voltage – often deviates by 25+%  Frequency – often deviates by 5% (!)  Even farmers pay a lot for their bad quality power (around 1 cent/kWh implicit, even higher in some regions)  Use of voltage stabilizing equipment  Additional capital costs (in the multiple percent range)  Efficiency losses (230% lost!) Rahul Tongia, CMU 26 Power Quality: ITI CBEMA Curve Rahul Tongia, CMU 27 Why the Focus on Distribution?  It’s where the consumer (and hence, revenue) is  High losses today  Technical losses, 10+ % in rural areas  DSM and efficiency measures possible  Use of standards required  Use a bination of technology, industrial partnership, and regulations  Learn from experiences elsewhere  Bulk of India39。 s consumption is for just several classes of devices  Pumpsets  Refrigerators  Synchronous motors  Heating (?) Rahul Tongia, CMU 28 US Refrigerator Efficiency Standards Similar standards can be established for “smart appliances” Source: Rahul Tongia, CMU 29 Future of Appliances and Home Energy Automation Networks  Incremental cost of putting working and processors into appliances approaching a few dollars  Could allow time of use and full control (utility benefit/public good/user convenience)  Link to a smart distribution system  Micromonitor and Micromanage every kWh over the work  ., refrigerators – don’t operate or defrost during peaks (5% of Indian electricity usage)  5% peak load management could lead to a 20% cost reduction  Feasible, as most peak lo。