部分化学工程与工艺专业英语课文翻译胡鸣刘霞编

部分化学工程与工艺专业英语课文翻译胡鸣刘霞编内容摘要：

ur major needs that life in the world would be very different without the products of the industry. Indeed the level of a country‘s development may be judged by the production level and sophistication of its chemical industry. 很显然简单地看一下化学工业在满足我们的主要需求方面所做的贡献就可以知道，没有化工产品人类社会的生活将会多么困难。 事实上，一个国家的发展水平可以通过其化学工业的生产水平和精细程度来加以判断。 4. Research and Development (Ramp。 D) in Chemical Industries One of the main reasons for the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the developed world has been its great mitment to, and investment in research and development (Ramp。 D). A typical figure is 5% of sales ine, with this figure being almost doubled for the most research intensive sector, pharmaceuticals. It is important to emphasize that we are quoting percentages here not of profits but of sales ine, . the total money received, which has to pay for raw materials, overheads, staff salaries, etc. as well. In the past this tremendous investment has paid off well, leading to many useful and valuable products being introduced to the market. Examples include synthetic polymers like nylons and polyesters, and drugs and pesticides. Although the number of new products introduced to the market has declined significantly in recent years, and in times of recession the research department is usually one of the first to suffer cutbacks, the mitment to Ramp。 D remains at a very high level. 4． 化学工业的研究和开发。 发达国家化学工业飞速发展的一个重要原因就是它在研究和开发方面的投入和投资。 通常是销售收入的 5%，而研究密集型分支如制药，投入则加倍。 要强调这里我们所提出的百分数不是指利润而是指销售收入，也就是说全部回收的钱，其中包括要付出原材料费，企业管理费，员工工资等等。 过去这笔巨大的投资支付得很好，使得许多有用的和有价值的产品 6 被投放市场，包括一些合成高聚物如尼龙和聚脂，药品和杀虫剂。 尽管近年来进入市场的新产品大为减少，而且在衰退时期研究部门通常是最先被裁减的部门，在研究和开发方面的投资仍然保持在 较高的水平。 The chemical industry is a very high technology industry which takes full advantage of the latest advances in electronics and engineering. Computers are very widely used for all sorts of applications, from automatic control of chemical plants, to molecular modeling of structures of new pounds, to the control of analytical instruments in the laboratory. 化学工业是高技术工业，它需要利用电子学和工程学的最新成果。 计算机被广泛应用，从化工厂的自动控制，到新化合物结构的分子模拟，再到实验室分析仪器的控制。 Individual manufacturing plants have capacities ranging from just a few tones per year in the fine chemicals area to the real giants in the fertilizer and petrochemical sectors which range up to 500,000 tonnes. The latter requires enormous capital investment, since a single plant of this size can now cost $520 million! This, coupled with the widespread use of automatic control equipment, helps to explain why the chemical industry is capitalrather than laborintensive. 一个制造厂的生产量很不一样，精细化工领域每年只有几吨，而巨型企业如化肥厂和石油化工厂有可能高达 500,000 吨。 后者需要巨大的资金投入，因为一个这样规模的工厂要花费 2 亿 5 千万美元，再加上自动控制设备的普遍应用，就不难解释为什么化工厂是资金密集型企业而不是劳动力密集型企业。 The major chemical panies are truly multinational and operate their sales and marketing activities in most of the countries of the world, and they also have manufacturing units in a number of countries. This international outlook for operations, or globalization, is a growing trend within the chemical industry, with panies expanding their activities either by erecting manufacturing units in other countries or by taking over panies which are already operating there. 大部分化学公司是真正的跨国公司，他们在世界上的许多国家进行销售和开发市场，他们在许多国家都有制造厂。 这种国际间的合作理念，或全球一体化，是化学工业中发展的趋势。 大公司通过在别的国家建造制造厂或者是收购已有的工厂进行扩张。 Unit 2 Research and Development 研究和开发 Research and development, or Ramp。 D as it is monly referred to, is an activity which is carried out by all sectors of manufacturing industry but its extent varies considerably, as we will see shortly. Let us first understand, or at least get a feel for, what the terms mean. Although the distinction between research and development is not always clearcut, and there is often considerable overlap, we will attempt to separate them. In simple terms research can be thought of as the activity which produces new ideas and knowledge whereas development is putting those ideas into practice as new process and products. To illustrate this with an example, predicting the structure of a new molecule which would have a specific biological activity and 7 synthesizing it could be seen as research whereas testing it and developing it to the point where it could be marketed as a new drug could be described as the development part. 研究和开发，或通常所称 Ramp。 D 是制造业各个部门都要进行的一项活动。 我们马上可以看到，它的内容变化很大。 我们首先了解或先感觉一下这个词的含义。 尽管研究和开发的定义总是分得不很清楚，而且有许多重叠的部分，我们还是要试着把它们区分开来。 简单说来，研究是产生新思想和新知识的活动，而开发则是把这些思想贯彻到实践中得到新工艺和新产品的行为。 可以用一个例子来描述这一点，预测一个有特殊生物活性的分子结构并合成它可以看成是研究而测试它并把它发展到可以作为一种新药推向市场这一阶段则看作开发部分。 1. Fundamental Research and Applied Research In industry the primary reason for carting out Ramp。 D is economic and is to strengthen and improve the pany‘s position and profitability. The purpose of Ramp。 D is to generate and provide information and knowledge to reduce uncertainty, solve problems and to provide better data on which management can base decisions. Specific projects cover a wide range of activities and time scales, from a few months to 20 years. 1． 基础研究和应用研究 在工业上进行研究和开发最主要的原因是经济利益方面，是为了加强公司的地位，提高公司的利润。 Ramp。 D 的目的是做出并提供信息和知识以减低不确定性，解决问题，以及向管理层提供更好的数据以便他们能据此做出决定。 特别的项目涵盖很大的活动范围和时间范围，从几个月到 20 年。 We can pick out a number of areas of Ramp。 D activity in the following paragraphs but if we were to start with those which were to spring to the mind of the academic, rather than the industrial, chemist then these would be basic, fundamental (background) or exploratory research and the synthesis of new pounds. This is also labeled ―blue skies‖ research. 我们可以在后面的段落里举出大量的 Ramp。 D 活动。 但是如果我们举出的点子来源于研究院而不是工业化学家的头脑，这就是基础的或探索性的研究 Fundamental research is typically associated with university research. It may be carried out for its own intrinsic interest and it will add to the total knowledge base but no immediate applications of it in the ―real world‖ well be apparent. Note that it will pro。