欧洲文化入门51个名词解释

欧洲文化入门51个名词解释内容摘要：

ral classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts (作用 ) by certain European writers to use critical reason (批评推理 ) to free minds from prejudice (偏见 )， unexamined authority (权威 ) and oppression (压迫 ) by Church or State (国家政权 )。 Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason (理智的年代 )。 25． (三权分立理论 ) The theory of the separation of powers was put forward by Montesquieu in his work The Spirit of the Laws. He believed that the legislative (立法 )， executive (行政 ) and judicial (司法 ) powers must be confided (托付 ) to different individuals， acting independently. (独立的行为 ) The theory of the separation of powers was accepted by the . Constitution.(三权分立的思想被美国宪法所接受 ) 27． The Musical Enlightenment (音乐启蒙运动 )名词解释 By the beginning of the 18th century the art of creating music had bee almost entirely (完全 ) rationalized (理性化 )。 It came to its richest fruition (高潮 ) in the works of Bach (巴赫 ) and Handel (亨德尔 )。 Bach and Handel represented a trend (趋势 ) towards greater regularity (规律性 ) of style in the clearly defined types and forms， in a series (系列 ) of standardized formulas (公式 )。 28． Romanticism 名词解释 Romanticism was a movement in literature， philosophy， music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (狂飙运动 ) in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感 ) above those of society. As a reaction (反应 ) to the industrial revolution (工业革命 )， it looked to (承上启下 ) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (与大自然的直接接触 ) for inspiration (灵感 )。 Romanticism gave impetus (动力支持 ) to the national liberation movement (民族解放运动 ) in 19th century Europe. 29． Byronic hero 名词解释 Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. The Byronic hero is characterized by bravery and hard working spirit， such as Don Juan as the best representative of the Byronic hero. 4 30． Romantic Music 浪漫主义音乐 名词解释 承前启后的年代音乐家是重点 The Romantic Movement in music dominated (统治 ) the period about 1830 to about 1900. It was merely part of a general movement， which， all over Europe， especially in Germany and France， affected (感染着 ) all arts. The Romantic Music is divided into two periods： The early Romantic Music represented by Beethoven， Schubert， Chopin， Schumann， and the later Romantic Music represented by Brahms and Tchaikovsky. 31． 达尔文的进化论 Darwin‗s theory of evolution contains four major arguments： ① new species appear (新物种的发现 )。 ② those new species have evolved (进化 ) from older species. ③ The evolution of species is result (导致 ) of natural selection. ④ The natural selection depends on variations (变异 ) and the maintenance (保护 ) of variations in spite of (不管 ) the tendency (趋势 ) of natural selection to eliminate (消除 ) unfit (不适当的 ) variants. Natural selection 名词解释 32． 社会达尔文主义 Social Darwinism 名词解释 For the term ―natural selection‖ Spencer substituted (替代 ) the survival of the fittest. (适者生存 ) 33． Realism 现实主义 名词解释 In art and literature the term realism is used to identify (区分 ) a literary movement in Europe and the United States (选 ) in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. But the practice (应用 ) of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times. This is fundamentally (根本的 ) the difference between romanticism and realism. In Europe， the Realist movement arose (起源于 ) in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France. It centred in the novel (侧重于小说的创作 ) and lay emphasis on fidelity (准确的 )to actual experience. (用现实主义创作现实 ) 34． 印象主义 Impressionism (艺术的表现形式 )名词解释 Impressionism was a form of artistic expression in the 19th century. It was most pervasive (普及 ) in painting， but it was also found in literature and art. (在文学与艺术中也可发现他的踪影 ) The term ―impressionism‖first appeared in 1874 in a newspaper review of an exhibition he。