沟通英语第2版_听力文本-unitone

沟通英语第2版_听力文本-unitone内容摘要：

at selling yourself or the anization. And with sidetoside movements, if you take up a lot of space while walking by moving your arms a lot, you39。 re seen as a good informer and listener, so you39。 re desirable to the pany. See? So to finish up. I39。 m going to list five things that differentiate verbal and nonverbal. munication. I39。 d like you to note them down. First, while spoken languages differ from country to country, emotions are municated in much the same nonverbal way throughout the world. Second, although we know a lot about the grammar of spoken language, we still don39。 t know very much about the grammar of NVC. Third, we don39。 t have any dictionaries for NVC. If you go to a foreign country and somebody makes a hand gesture you don39。 t understand, there39。 s no dictionary to help you. And fourth, we can ask for repetition or clarification of what somebody has said, but it39。 s practically impossible to ask, Could you repeat that smile? or What does that facial expression mean? We have to understand nonverbal munication the first time around. And finally, we can hide our true feelings with spoken language, but it39。 s more difficult with NVC. We can39。 t just stop our selves from turning red. or slow down our heartbeat, right? So whether we like it or not, body language can39。 t liealthough I39。 ll bet there are times we all wish it could. So in conclusion then, nonverbal munication is an integral part of munication. OK, now let39。 s quickly get into groups and talk about some of the differences I39。 ve just mentioned. This is what I want you to do. Just pull your chairs around. . . Unit Three Listening Task CrossCultural Communication OK, learning to express yourself clearly in a foreign language can be challenging. A lot of time is spent studying grammar, vocabulary, idioms and slang, and all the other parts of the language. However, there is one challenge that is often almost fottenthe challenge of culture. Culture influences how language is used appropriately in different situations. In our increasingly global munity, learning a language is not enough anymore. It is also necessary to understand the culture that to that particular language. Then what is culture? Culture is the bination the attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs that you learn from the people around you. These people could be your parents, your neighbors, your school, your religious group, or your nation. Learning of this kind takes place automatically。 most people don39。 t realize that they are teaching or being taught. From a very early age, you absorb culture by what other people around you do and say and by the rewards and punishments you receive for what you do. Now, beliefs that are considered very important within a culture are called cultural values, and they determine how some people act and react to others. They also influence how some people go about their work and how they measure their own progress and that of other people. In the United States, for example (individual success that is, making a lot of money or reaching a position of power, is a highpriority value inflation to the conception of the self. Asian cultures, however, place a higher value on the collective fare o: the group. People are expected to think first about what is best for the group, rather than what will benefit the individual. Other areas in which cultures differ between U. S. and Asian countries include time, social relationships, friendship and munication styles, to name just a few. Let39。 s first take a look at time. American culture views time as linearsomething that stretches out like a road, with a beginning and39。 end. Every task is tightly scheduled into the days and hours. So Americans place a high priority on promptness and meeting deadlines. They are also less interested in the past。 they eye on nearterm future. Asian cultures, on the other hand, view time as circular, like surround sound. It is everywhere at once, and several things might be happening at the same time. In such cultures, what you do or produce and how you relate to the people around you are more important than sticking to a schedule. Asian cultures also pay relatively more attention to the past and to the longerterm future. OK, now we turn to social relationships. As far as social relationships are concerned, Americans are informal and egalitarian. They value equality and the belief that all people can contribute and should be a part of decision making. In this horizontal culture Americans feel most fortable with their social equals. The importance of social rankings is reduced to the minimum. In Asian cultures, however, social relationships are formal and hierarchical. Rank or class is of great importance. People are most fortable in the presence of a hierarchy in which they know their position and the customs and rules for behavior in the situation. In these vertical cultures, leaders are supposed to be revered, obeyed, and never questioned. Some individuals who aren39。 t leaders bee strongly dependentand are often fortable in their dependency. The next difference we see between American culture and some Asian cultures is friendship. Americans are characterized by making friends everywhere. But as the English proverb goes, easily e, easily gothose instant friendship will not last long, which is quite typical of American culture. Their collection of friends and acquaintances changes over time and involves only limited mutual obligations. Asian people, in contrast, take time to get to know each other before they build up a relationship. But once such a relationship is built up, they take it in a serious way. Often they have a small number of close, lifelong friends who feel deeply obligated to give each other whatever form of help。