新编mpa英语课文翻译

新编mpa英语课文翻译内容摘要：

ld 公共管理领域的构造 Public administration is sometimes treated as though it is one of the social sciences, a discipline in some sense. 公共管理有时被看做一门社会科学，某种意义上的一门学科。 As the number of programs offering doctoral degrees in the field has increased, this interpretation has gained strength. 随着该领域授予博士学位的课程 不断增多，这种观点也在加强。 In the United States, it is relatively unusual for public administration to be a freestanding degree program at the baccalaureate level (though there are some wellestablished and prestigious programs of this sort—especially in schools of public affairs, schools of management, or schools of public administration —and this approach may be on the increase). 在美国，在学士阶段把公共管理设立为一个独立的学位课程，相对而言并不常见（虽然有 一些 成熟的、声誉良好的这类课裎，而且这种做法越来越被认同，特别是在公共事务学院、管理学院或 者公共管理学院 )。 The more traditional and still usual pattern is for baccalaureate education in public administration to be a major or minor specialization within a political science degree program. 一种更为传统和常见的模式是，在学 士教育阶段把公共管理设为政治科学学士 学位课程里的一个主要或次要专业。 Masterlevel degrees are increasingly emphasized as desirable or expected credentials for full mitment to professional careers in many fields (., not only in business administration and public administration, but also in fields such as social work, nursing, and education where the appropriate degree for professional entry was once the baccalaureate), and the master’s degree—usually, but not always, the master of public administration (MPA)—is being the recognized degree for those who aspire to careers in public administration. 在许多领域，硕士学位越来越被认为是投身职业生涯的理想资格（不仅在商业管理和公共管理领域，而且在其他一些领域，例如教育、社会工作、护理以及其他一些职业门檻过去仅为学士的领域），在通常情况下，对那些渴望从事公共管理的人来说，硕士学位成为一种认可的学位。 It should be remembered, though, that public anizations and activities cover virtually the whole spectrum of contemporary specialities and that the educational background and specialties of public administrators therefore reflect this diversity. 但是，应该注意的是，公共组织和活动实际上包括了当代的各种专业，而公共管理者的教育背景和专业实际上是反映了这种多样性。 As modern and contemporary public administration evolved, it tended to develop a more or less regular set of subfields, approaches, and topical interests. 随着现代和当代公共管理的发展，公共管理趋向于发展一些比较正规的子域、方法和主题。 These generally have to do either with the functional and technical specializations of public administration, with specific methods and approaches, or with the phenomena of specific locales and issue areas of public administration. 这些东西或者与公共管理的职能和技术领域有关，与其具体方法和途径有关，或者与公共管理的具体场所和问题领域的现象有关。 Thus, public administration has some subfields which deal with concerns which, in one form or another have been part of the field since is earliest days. 因此，公共管理有一些子域，这些子域所关注的问题自公共管理早期就以各种形式成为该领域的一部分。 Budget and finance (how to provide, handle, and account for material resources), personnel (the policies and management of human resources), planning, operations management, anizational design and management, munications and munication systems, recordkeeping, accounting of various kinds, reporting of various kinds and for a variety of purposes and clientele, internal and external public relations, and a host of similar concerns constitute some of the technical and functional foci of the field. 预算和财政 (如何提供、处理、核算物质资源）、人事（人力资源政策和管理 )、计划、 运营管理、组织设计和管理、通信和通信系统、记录保存、各种记账、各种报告、内部和外部公共关系，以及其他一些相似方面共同构成公共管理领域的某些技术和功能焦点。 In additional, there are various concerns dealing with the environment and context of administration: the constitutional and legal context。 the context of the political, economic, and societal structure, requirements, and processes。 the values, history, traditions, and habits of the society and its ponents。 the values, history, requirements, and processes of the anizations, programs, and ponents of specific relevance at any given time。 and many other such factors (as well as their interrelationships). 除此之外，荜有各种 涉及管理环境的关注：宪法和法律环境、政治、经济和社会结构、要求和程序环境；社会及其组成部分的价值、历史、传统和习惯；任何特定时期组织、项目和特定相关成分的价值、历史、要求和程卑。 以及许多其他这样的因素（还有它们之间的相互关系）。 There are also specializations and foci having to do with the specific form and level at which administration occurs: international administration。 national administration。 federal/confederal administration。 state/province administration。 district/department /sector administration。 city, county, and local administration。 intergovernmental and interanizational administration。 ‖not for profit‖ administration。 and so forth. Issue areas present other topics and specializations: police, fire, schools, military, medical, environmental, technology and technology transfer, science and scientific applications, governmentbusinessindustry cooperation, and a host of other specific concerns spawn specializations of knowledge, application, training, an experience. 此外，还出现了一些涉及具体形式和管理水平的专业领域和焦点领域：国际管理、国家管理 . 联邦或邦联管理、州或省的管理、地区或部门的管理、城市县郡和地区管理、政府间管理、组织间管理、非营利管理等等。 问题领域呈现了其他话题和专门化：警察、消防、学校、军事、医药、环保、技 术和技术转让、科学和科学应用、政府一商业一工业合作等，而且许多其他特殊关注造成了 知识、应用、培训和经验的专门化。 When one realizes that all these (and many more) can be viewed as ponents of a huge matrix where any one (or more) can be related to any other one (one more), the plexity and variety of the field of public administration is suggested. 在人们认识到所有这些（和更多）东西可以被看做一个巨大矩阵的组成部分而且在这个矩阵中任何一个（或更多的）组成部分可以与其他（或更多的）组成部分发生联系的时候，那么公共管理 领域的复杂性和多样性便由此可见一斑了。 Unit 2 The Practice of Public Administration Text A The Rise of the American Administrative State 美国行政 国家的崛起 Today, there are perhaps 15 million civilian public employees in the United States. 现今，美国也许有 1 500 万公共管理人员。 The growth of this number in the twentieth century and the development of large administrative ponents in governments at all levels are generally referred to as the ―rise of the administrative state‖. 通常，我们把 20 世纪公共管理人员数量的增长和 各级政府中大型管理部门的发展称为“行政国家的崛起”。 The term administrative state is intended to convey several realities of contemporary gover。