275f浅析企业筹资方式外文原文

275f浅析企业筹资方式外文原文内容摘要：

l support from prior work in the field, were labelled Individualism, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Masculinity. Such dimensions, which are examined further below, were perceived to represent elements of a mon structure in cultural systems. Figure 1 shows the culture areas identified and within each group any identifiable subgroups. FIGURE CULTURE AREAS (HOFSTEDE) More developed Less developed More developed Latin Latin Asian Belgium Colombia Japan France Mexico Argentina Venezuela Brazil Spain Costa Rica Chile Itaiy Guatemala Panama African Peru East Africa Portugal West Africa Salvador Uruguay Less Developed Near Eastern Asian Indonesia Arab countries Pakistan Greece Taiwan Iran Thailand Turkey AsianColonial Yugoslavia Hong Kong India Singapore Malaysia Philippines Germanic Anglo Nordic Austria Australia Denmark Israel Canada Finland Ireland Netherlands Germany New Zealand Norway Switzerland . Sweden . South Africa 6 The point of reviewing Hofstede39。 s research here is that if societal value orientations are related to the development of accounting systems at the subcultural level, given that such values permeate a nation39。 s social system, then it may be hypothesized that there should be a close match between culture areas and patterns of accounting systems internationally. FIGURE 2 CULTURE, SOCIETAL VALUES AND THE ACCOUNTING SUBCULTURE In order to explore further the relationship between culture and accounting systems in an international context it is necessary to identify the mechanism by which values at the societal level are linked to values at the accounting subcultural level as it is these latter values which are likely to influence directly the development of accounting systems in practice. This is an adaptation and extension of the model relating to the formation and stabilizing of societal culture patterns proposed by Hofstede. In this model, societal values are determined by ecological influences modified by external factors such as international trade and investment, conquest, and the forces of nature. In turn, societal values have institutional consequences in the form of the legal system, political system, nature of capital markets, pattern of corporate ownership and so on. These institutions reinforce both ecological influences and societal values. An extension of this model is proposed here whereby societal values are expressed at the level of the accounting subculture. Accordingly, the value systems or attitudes Societal values Institutional consequences Legal system Corporate ownership Capital markets Professional associations Education Religion Accounting values Accounting systems Ecological influences Geographic Economic Demographic Geic/Hygienic Historical Technological Urbanisation Reinforcement External influences Forces of nature Trade Investment Conquest 7 of accountants may be expected to be related to and derived from societal values with special reference to workrelated values. Accounting 39。 values39。 will, in turn, impact on accounting systems. If Hofstede has correctly identified Individualism, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Masculinity as significant cultural value dimensions then it should be possible to establish their relationship to accounting values. If such a relationship exists then a link between societal values and accounting systems can be established and the influence of culture assessed. Before an attempt can be made to identify significant accounting values which may be related to societal values it is important to understand the meaning of the four value dimensions identified by Hofstede and referred to earlier. Having identified societal values is it possible then to identify significantly related accounting values at the level of the accounting subculture? The following 39。 accounting39。 values, derived from a review of accounting literature and practice, are offered for consideration: Professionalism versus Statutory Control— a preference for the exercise of individual professional judgment and the maintenance of professional selfregulation as opposed to pliance with prescriptive legal requirements and statutory control. Uniformity versus Flexibility— a preference for the enforcement of uniform accounting practices between panies and for the consistent use of such practices over time as opposed to flexibility in accordance with the perceived circumstances of individual panies. Conservatism versus Optimism — a preference for a cautious approach to measurement so as to cope with the uncertainty of future events as opposed to a more optimistic, laissezfaire, risktaking approach. Secrecy versus Transparency — a preference for confidentiality and the restriction of disclosure of information about the business only to those who are closely involved with its management and financing as opposed to a more transparent, open and publicly accountable approach. It should be emphasized that there is no suggestion that these 39。 values39。 are necessarily the only values involved. What they do rep。