谢孟媛初級英文文法讲义ⅲ

谢孟媛初級英文文法讲义ⅲ内容摘要：

. (6)现在完成式的被动语态 → have/has +been +过去分词 例： The teacher has already punished the naughty boy. (老师已经处罚了那个顽皮的男孩。 ) → The naughty boy has already been punished by the teacher. 各句型的被动语态形式 (1)Yes / No 问句 → 即 be 动词或助动词为首的问句 例： l. Did Judy mess up my room? (我的房间被茱蒂弄乱的吗。 ) → Was my room messed up by Judy? 2. Must I take the cold medicine three times a day? (我必须一天吃三次这感冒药吗。 ) → Must the cold medicine be taken three times a day (by me)? (2)WH 问句 → 即疑问词为首的 问句 例： 1. What did he catch? (他抓到什么。 ) =What was caught by him? → The lion was. (是狮子。 ) 2. When did the boy break the window? (这男孩是什么时候打破窗户。 ) =When was the window broken by the boy? → It was broken yesterday afternoon. 3. What language is spoken in Spain? (西班牙说何种语言。 ) → Spanish is. (3)“ Who +动词 ” 的问句 → By whom +be 动词 +主词 +过去分词 „„。 例： Who bought the sweater?(谁买了这件毛衣。 )→ By whom was the sweater bought? (4)否定句 → b e n o tn o t b e      主 词 动 词 过 去 分 词。 助 动 词 过 去 分 词。 例： 1. They don39。 t collect recyclable paper every day. (他们并非每天回收纸类。 ) → Recyclable paper isn39。 t be collected (by them) every day. 2. We can39。 t see a full moon tonight. (今晚我们无法看到满月。 ) → A full moon can39。 t be seen (by us) tonight. 特别注意的被动语态 (1) by+行为者之省略 → by 之后的行为者 , 若泛指一般人或未指明某人或含糊不清的某人时 , 则省略。 例： 1. Rice is grown in Taiwan. (台湾种稻。 ) 2. My uncle was killed in the war. (我叔叔死于战争。 ) 3. The novel was translated into many languages. (这小说被翻译成许多语言。 ) (2)不使用 by 的被动语态 例： l. Mr. Jackson is known to people in this town. (杰克森先生为此 镇 上的人所知。 ) ※ Taipei is known for its good foods. (台北以美食闻名。 ) She is known as a successful singer. (她以身为成功的歌手闻名。 ) 2. Those mountains are covered with snow. (那些山为白雪 所 覆盖。 ) 3. They were caught in a shower during the barbecue. (他们在烤肉时被一阵雨给淋湿了。 ) 4. Shoes are made of leather. (皮鞋由皮革制成。 ) 5. Bread is made from flour. (面包由面粉制成。 ) ※表 感情；情绪 的被动语态也不用 by 例： 主词 (人 )+be 动词 +int e r e ste d in( )sur pr ise d a t ( )sa ti sf ie d w it h ( )im pr e ss e d w it h / by ( )pl e a se d w it h ( )e xc it e d a bou t ( )w or r ie d a bou t ( )对 感 兴 趣对 ； 感 讶 异对 感 满 意对 印 象 深 刻对 中 意对 感 兴 奋对 担 心+事物 (3)授与动词的被动语态 例： l. The embassy gave me a new passport. (大使馆发给我一份新护照。 ) → I was given a new passport by the embassy. → A new passport was given (to) me by the embassy. 2. Mr. White told us the history story. (怀特先生跟我们说那个历史故事。 ) → We were told the history story by Mr. White. → The history story was told (to) us by Mr. White. ※有些授与动词 , 如 ： make, cook, get, read, sell, sing, write, pass… 等 ， 不可用人做为被动语态的主词。 例： Mom cooked us vegetable soup. (妈妈为我们煮蔬菜汤。 ) → Vegetable soup was cooked for us by Mom. → We were cooked vegetable soup by Mom. ( ) (4)主词 +动词 +受词 +补语的被动语态 ※补语不能做为被动语态的主词。 例： l. They painted the board blue. (他们将板子涂成蓝色。 ) → The board was painted blue by them. 2. We elected Jack chairperson. (我们选杰克为主席。 ) → Jack was elected chairperson by us. (5)祈使句的被动语态 ※原形动词 +受词 例： Open the door. (打开门。 ) → Let the door be opened. ※ Let +O(人 )+原形动词 + O (物 ) 例： Let me tell the truth. (让我说实话吧。 ) → Let the truth be told by me. (6)使役动词的被动语态 使役动词 受词 主动 被动 make / have O V . let V be . get to V . 例： 1. My brother made me run errands for him. (我哥要我替他跑腿。 ) My brother let me run errands for him. My brother got me to run errands for him. 2. I had my hair cut yesterday. (我 昨天剪短头发了。 ) 3. Let it be done at once. (立刻这么做吧。 ) 4. Mr. Lin made me do the work. (林先生叫我做这工作。 ) 5. Mr. Lin made the work done by me. 6. I was made to do the work by Mr. Lin. (7)感官动词的被动语态 感官动词 受词 主动 被动 feel, see, watch, look at, notice, listen to, hear 0 V Ving . 例： 1. I saw him beat/beating the little boy. (我看见他打这小男孩。 ) 2. I saw the little boy beaten by him. (我看见小男孩被他打。 ) 3. He was seen to beat / beating the little boy by me. (他被我看见打这小孩。 ) Unit 4 关系代名词 关系代名词的功用 → 连接词 +代名词 例： 1. I have a friend. The friend lives in Paris. (我有一位住在巴黎的朋友。 ) → I have a friend and he lives in Paris. → I have a friend who lives in Paris. ※ 国语 ： 住在巴黎的 朋友 英语 ： a friend who lives in Paris ※语顺为先行词 +关系代名词 , 但也有下列句子 ： 例： There was an old man in the apartment who was very rich. (这公寓以前住着一位非常富有的老人。 ) 2. I met two girls, one of whom is my cousin. (我遇到两位女孩 , 其中一位是我表妹。 ) 关系代名词的种类 格 先行词 主格 所有格 党格 人 who whose whom 事物、动物 which whose which 人、事物、动物 that that ※格的用法 格 例 主格 +动词 the man who talked to me 所有格 +动词 the man whose car was stolen 受格 +主词 +动词 the man whom I met 主格的关系代名词 (1)主格 who→ 先行词 (人 )+主格关系代名词 who +动词 例： 1. The man is my father. The man wears sunglasses. → The man who wears sunglasses is my father. (戴太阳眼镜的人是我爸。 ) 2. I don39。 t like people. They get out of temper easily. → I don39。 t like people who get out of temper easily. (我不喜欢容易发脾气的人。 ) (2)主格 which→ 先行词 (事物；动物 )+主格关系代名词 which +动词 例： 1. I live in the house. The house stands on the hill. → I live in the house which stands on the hill. (我住在那 栋 位于山丘上的房子里。 ) 2. English is a language. It is spoken all over the world. → English is a language which is spoken all over the world. (英语是全世界通用的语言。 ) (3)主格关代 that+先行词 (人、事物；动物 )+主格关系代名词 that+动词 例： 1. People, who / that help doctors and look after patients are called nurses. (帮忙医生照顾病人的人称为护士。 ) 2. I like the building which / that was designed by Mr. Wu. (我喜欢这栋被吴先生设计出来的大楼。 ) ※主格的关系代名词其后所接的动词 , 须与先行词的单复数一致。 例： l. Tom is one of the boys who are fond of sports. (汤姆是那些喜欢运动的男孩其中之一。 ) 2. I know a child who is good at surfing. (我认识一位很会冲浪的小孩。 ) 3. Adults don39。 t like children who tell lies. (大人不喜欢会说谎的小孩。 ) ※ that 的不同用法 (1)指示代名词 例： The weather in Kaohsiung is hotter than that in Taipei. (高雄的天气比台北的天气热。 ) (2)指示形容词 例： Look at that dog. (看那只狗。 ) (3)关系代名词 例： The boy that is playing the guitar is Jimmy. (正在弹吉他的男孩是吉米。 ) (4)连接词 例： I think that honesty is the best policy. (我认为诚实 为上策。 ) 所有格。