欧洲文化名词解释集锦

欧洲文化名词解释集锦内容摘要：

In early medieval period, the Emperor of the Romans, Charlemagne, encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools, giving support to scholars and setting scribes to work copying various ancient books. Because the scribes performed their tasks well, few of the ancient works that had survived until that time were ever lost. 3) The result of Charlemagne’s efforts is usually called the ―Carolingian Renaissance‖. 4)The term is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. 5) The most interesting side of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture. 14. Alfred the Great（阿尔弗雷德大王）（北京市 2020 年自考真题名词解释） : 1) As the ruler of the AngloSaxon kingdom of Wessex, he contributed greatly to the medieval European culture. 2) He worried about the disappearance of learning and made Wessex the AngloSaxon cultural centre by introducing teachers and scholars, founding new monasteries, and promoting translations into the vernacular from Latin works. 3)He also inspired the pilation of the Anglo Saxon Chronicles. 15． National Epic(民族史诗 )： 1） The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form. in ancient ） ―National epic‖ refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. 3） Literary works were no longer all written in ） It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the bination of a variety of national characteristics. 16． Beowulf（《贝奥武甫》）： 1) It is an AngloSaxon epic in 8th century. 2) It originates from the collective efforts of oral literature. 3) The story is set in Denmark or Sweden and tells how the hero, Veowulf, defeats the monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother, a sea monster, but eventually receives his own death in fighting with a fire dragon. 4) It marks the beginning of English literature. 17. Song of Roland （《罗兰之歌》）： 1） It is the most wellknown of a group of French epics known as La Chanson de Gestes. 2) It tells how Roland, one of Charlemagne’s warriors, fights in Spain and dies defending a pass in the Pyrenees. 18. The Divine Comedy（《神曲》）： 1） It was written by the greatest poet of Italy, Dante. 2) It is one of the landmarks of world literature. 3) The poem itself is the greatest Christian poem with a profound vision of the medieval Christian world, and expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance. 4) It was written in Italian rather than in Latin, which influenced decisively the evolution of European literature away from it origins in Latin culture to a new varied expression. 19. The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）： 1) The Canterbury Tales was written by English poet Chaucer. 2) The book contains twentyfour tales bold by a group of pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury. 3) Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing French and Italy writing into the English native alliterative verse(头韵 ). 4)The Canterbury Tales is the best representative of the middle English, paving the way to Modern English. 20. Gothic（哥特式建筑） (北京市 2020 自考真题名词解释 )： 1） The Gothic style. started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe. 2) It flourished and lasted from the mid12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. 3) More churches were built in this manner tan in any other style. in history. 4) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, but it reflected a much more ordered feudal society with full confidence. 5) Gothic cathedrals soared high, their windows, arches and towers reaching heavenward, flinging their passion against the sky. The were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures. Division Four Renaissance and Reformation 1． Renaissance（文艺复兴）： 1） As a period in western civilization, generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid17th century. 2 Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and ) The word ―Renaissance‖ means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. 4)Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church . During the period of Renaissance, old sciences revived and new sciences emerge, national languages and national cultures free from the absolute control of the Papal authority in Rome took shape and art and literature flourished as never before. 2． Humanism (人文主义 )： 1） Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. 2) Humanists in Renaissance believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admired the beauty of human body. 3) This belief ran counter to the medieval ascetical idea of poverty and stoics, and shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy, fro heaven to earth, from the beauty of God to the beauty of human in all its joys, senses and feelings. 4) Theologically, the humanists were religious. But they began to look at the problems of God and Providence with a view to understanding man’s work and man’s earthly happiness. 5) The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature in Italy and the rest of Europe, to pass down as the beginning of the history of modern man, who, instead of brooding about death and the other world, lives and works for the present and future progress of mankind. 3. Leonard da Vinci（北京市 2020 年自考真题名词解释） : 1。