新东方英语背诵文选集

新东方英语背诵文选集内容摘要：

rom his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his petitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for thebenefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provideeducational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. Hewho dies rich, dies disgraced, he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of CarnegieMellon University. Other 　philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, theCarnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and CarnegieHall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie’s generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small munities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.08 American RevolutionThe American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the　political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated munities scarcely knew that a war was on.America’s War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its first large influx of Englishspeaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newerthe United Statesbased itself 　squarely on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one mightsuppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the warlargely ratified a colonial selfrule already existing. British officials,everywhere ousted, were replaced by a homegrown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.09 Suburbanization　If by suburb is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenthcentury. Before that period the city was a small highly pact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1840’s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the munities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and acpanying social stressconditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first mercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horsedrawn 　trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the pact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of massscale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of singlefamily housing tracts.10 Types of SpeechStandard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situationregardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressionsare well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on theother hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not　considered appropriate for more formal situations. Almost all idiomaticexpressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words andexpressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Bothcolloquial usage and slang are more mon in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories.Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events. It 　has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introdu。