中英文文献翻译-pid控制器

中英文文献翻译-pid控制器内容摘要：

optimum behavior on a process change or setpoint change varies depending on the application. Some processes must not allow an overshoot of the process variable beyond the setpoint if, for example, this would be unsafe. Other processes must minimize the energy expended in reaching a new setpoint. Generally, stability of response (the reverse of instability) is required and the process must not oscillate for any bination of process conditions and setpoints. Some processes have a degree of nonlinearity and so parameters that work well at fullload conditions don39。 t work when the process is starting up from noload. This section describes some traditional manual methods for loop tuning. There are several methods for tuning a PID loop. The most effective methods generally involve the development of some form of process model, then choosing P, I, and D based on the dynamic model parameters. Manual tuning methods can be relatively inefficient. The choice of method will depend largely on whether or not the loop can be taken offline for tuning, and the response time of the system. If the system can be taken offline, the best tuning method often involves subjecting the system to a step change in input, measuring the output as a function of time, and using this response to determine the control parameters. Choosing a Tuning Method MethodAdvantagesDisadvantages Manual TuningNo math required. Online experienced personnel. Ziegler–NicholsProven Method. Online upset, some trialanderror, very aggressive tuning. Software ToolsConsistent tuning. Online or offline method. May include valve and sensor analysis. Allow simulation before cost and training involved. CohenCoonGood process math. Offline method. Only 中北大学 2020 届毕业设计说明书 第 8 页 共 20 页 good for firstorder processes. Manual tuning If the system must remain online, one tuning method is to first set the I and D values to zero. Increase the P until the output of the loop oscillates, then the P should be left set to be approximately half of that value for a quarter amplitude decay type response. Then increase D until any offset is correct in sufficient time for the process. However, too much D will cause instability. Finally, increase I, if required, until the loop is acceptably quick to reach its reference after a load disturbance. However, too much I will cause excessive response and overshoot. A fast PID loop tuning usually overshoots slightly to reach the setpoint more quickly。 however, some systems cannot accept overshoot, in which case an overdamped closedloop system is required, which will require a P setting significantly less than half that of the P setting causing oscillation. –Nichols method Another tuning method is formally known as the Ziegler–Nichols method, introduced by John G. Ziegler and Nathaniel B. Nichols. As in the method above, the I and D gains are first set to zero. The P gain is increased until it reaches the critical gain Kc at which the output of the loop starts to oscillate. Kc and the oscillation period Pc are used to set the gains as shown: PID tuning software Most modern industrial facilities no longer tune loops using the manual calculation methods shown above. Instead, PID tuning and loop optimization software are used to ensure consistent results. These software packages will gather the data, develop process models, and suggest optimal tuning. Some software packages can even develop tuning by gathering data from reference changes. Mathematical PID loop tuning induces an impulse in the system, and then uses the controlled system39。 s frequency response to design the PID loop values. In loops with response times of several minutes, mathematical loop tuning is remended, because trial and error can literally take days just to find a stable set of loop values. 中北大学 2020 届毕业设计说明书 第 9 页 共 20 页 Optimal values are harder to find. Some digital loop controllers offer a selftuning feature in which very small setpoint changes are sent to the process, allowing the controller itself to calculate optimal tuning values. Other formulas are available to tune the loop according to different performance criteria. 4 Modifications to the PID algorithm The basic PID algorithm presents some challenges in control applications that have been addressed by minor modifications to the PID mon problem resulting from the ideal PID implementations is integral windup. This can be addressed by: Initializing the controller integral to a desired value Disabling the integral function until the PV has entered the controllable region Limiting the time period over which the integral error is calculated Preventing the integral term from accumulating above or below predetermined bounds Many PID loops control a mechanical device (for example, a valve). Mechanical maintenance can be a major cost and wear leads to control degradation in the form of either stiction or a deadband in the mechanical response to an input signal. The rate of mechanical wear is mainly a function of how often a device is activated to make a change. Where wear is a significant concern, the PID loop may have an output deadband to reduce the frequency of activation of the output (valve). This is acplished by modifying the controller to hold its output steady if the change would be small (within the defined deadband range). The calculated output must leave the deadband before the actual output will proportional and derivative terms can produce excessive movement in the output when a system is subjected to an instantaneous step increase in the error, such as a large setpoint change. In the case of the derivative term, this is due to taking the derivative of the error, which is very large in the case of an instantaneous step change.。