欧洲文化入门复习重点

欧洲文化入门复习重点内容摘要：

t and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家 ) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the bination of a variety of national characteristics. 1 Chaucer (乔叟 ) 的诗歌特点： ① power of observation (观察 ) ② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺 ) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性 ) 1 Gothic ① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe. ② It lasted from the mid12th to the end of 15th century and, in so me areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history. ③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展 ) of the Romanesque.（罗马式） 1 The Canterbury Tales: ① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer. ② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse. ③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English. 17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge。 Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合 ). It paved the way for the development of what is the presentday European culture. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代 )。 During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only anization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence. In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”. How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages? feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. In order to seek the protection of large landowners, the people of s mall farms or land gave their farms and land to large landowners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen. While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large landowners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs. In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals. There came a form of local and decentralized (分散 ) government. As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed. What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture? (What is the great significance of the Crusades?) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了东西方的交流 ) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主专制 ) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals. The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉 伯数字 ), algebra (代数 ), and Arab medicine (医学 ) were introduced to the West. As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments. How did literature develop in the middle ages? The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家 ) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the bination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics. Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲 ) ① His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature. ② The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (预示 ) the spirit of Renaissance. ③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作 ) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (乔叟与坎特布雷集 ) ① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work. ② Most of the tales are written in verse (诗 ) which reflects(反映 ) Chaucer’s innovation (改革 ) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (压头韵 ) the French and Italian styles. ③ Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English ④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages. Division Four： Renaissance and Reformation Ren。