英美国家文化概况(中英文对照)-英国_英语学习_外语学习_教育专区

英美国家文化概况(中英文对照)-英国_英语学习_外语学习_教育专区内容摘要：

议会的原型。 1265 年，西门德孟福尔召开大议会，各县有两名骑士，各镇有两名市民参加。 大议会发展到后来演变成议会，分为上议院和下议院。 其作用是咨询而非决定；也没有选举和政党。 议会的最重要的部分是上议院。 IV． The Hundred Years War and its consequences (百年战争及其结果 ) The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. ① The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy of Aquitaine in France, as the French kings grew stronger, they increasingly coveted this large slice. ② The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England s desire to ③ stop France from giving aid to Scots and ④ a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes. The English’ s is being driven out of France is ① regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have ② hindered the development of a separate English national identity, ③ while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. 百年战争指 1337 年到 1453 年英法之间一场断断续续的战争，战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素。 领土起因尤其是英国国王占领了法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地，这是战争的根源，随着法国国王势力日增，他们渴望占领这片土地。 经济原因则与弗兰德斯城有关。 弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口商，但这 些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王。 其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国对苏格兰人的援助，并且压制不断增强的民族意识。 战争的结果： 把英国人赶出法国对两个国家都是幸事：若英国人继续留在法国，那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍独立的英国 的发展；而在英国占领大量法国领土的情况下，法国也很难统一。 Three stages of the war 战争的三个阶段 In the first two stages, the English won some big victories. But in the third stage, they were driven out of ，英国取得辉煌胜利。 但是最终被逐出法国 The battle of Argencourt 阿壤科之战 It took place in 1415 and the English won a crushing victory. After the victory, the English king Henry Ⅴ was recognized as the French 年英国大获全胜，亨利 5 世登上法 国王位。 Joan of Arc (14121431)贞德女士 Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in French history. She led and encourages the French in driving the English out of French in the Hundred Years’ War. 贞德是法国历史上的女英雄，她领导和鼓舞法国人民将英国军队驱逐处境。 Consequences of the war 战争的后果影响 ① The English lost the war. The expulsion of the English from French is regarded as a blessing for both countries.② It helped English national identity as well as French national identity. ③ Two separate nation were born after the war. V. The Black Death (黑死 病 ) The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It reduced England s population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th century. The economic consequences of the Black Death were farreaching. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor. The surviving peasants had better bargaining power and were in a position to change their serfdom into paid labour. Some landlords, unable or unwilling to pay higher wages, tried to force peasants back into serfdom. In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace. 黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，是一种流行疾病，在 14 世纪传播了到欧洲。 1348 年夏天横扫全英国。 英国的人口在 14 世纪末从 400 万锐减至 200 万。 黑死病对经济造成的后果更为深远。 鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏。 地主想把耕地变为人力需求较少的牧场。 存活的农民处于有利 的讨价还价地位，从农奴变为雇佣劳动力。 于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付较高工资的地主想方 设法迫使农民重返农奴地位。 1351 年政府颁布“劳工法令”，规定农民们涨工资的要求，或者是雇主支付比地方官制订的工资水平要高的工资都是犯罪。 Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (14551688) 第四章 向现代英国的过度 I. Transition to the Modern Age (14551485) 向近代英国的过渡 (1455 年 1485 年 ) The Wars of Rose 玫瑰战争 The nature and consequences of the Wars of the Roses The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened. 玫 瑰战争是指，从 1455 年到 1485 年，以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族之间战争的普遍接受的名称。 1485 年，兰开斯特家族的后代亨利都铎取得了博斯沃恩战役的胜利，建立了都铎王朝。 这些战争使英国的封建主义受到致命打击，贵族阶层受到了削弱。 II. Henry VIII and the English Reformation (亨利八世和英国的宗教改革 ) Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had e。 the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented。 and Henry needed 革是负责进行教会的宗教改革。 改革原因有三个主要方面：多年来，人们改革教会的意愿不断增长，现在又受马丁路德成功的鼓舞，许多人认为时机已到；教职人员的特权和财富已引起民愤；亨利需要钱。 The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. Henry’ s reform was to get rid of the English Church’ s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England’ s monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible. He established the Church of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the Church of England. 改革以争取离婚而开始，以脱离教皇而告终。 亨利八世欲与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳离婚，但是教皇拒绝了。 亨利改革的目的是摆脱英国教会与教皇的联系，成立独立的英格兰教会。 1529 年至 1534 年间逐渐地与罗马脱离了关系。 他解散了所有英国的修道院和修女院，因为后者对教皇比对英国国王更忠诚。 1534 年的《继位法》和 1535 年的《王权法案》使改。