自学考试英语阅读二原文和翻译

自学考试英语阅读二原文和翻译内容摘要：

moking in developing countries does not increase. In order to achieve these goals, all countries need to develop prehensive antitobacco programs which take into account and address the needs of women. Whilst these programs should be culturespecific and tailored to meet the local situation, experts agree that to be successful they must contain three key elements。 protection, education and。 应该从两方面入手，一是减少世界上发达国家中业已很高升。 为做到这两点，所有国家都需要制订一套全面的反吸烟计划，在这些计划中必须考虑到并且突出女性的需要，这些计划应该考虑为了保证这些计划获得成功，计划中必须包含下述三方面主要内容：保护，教育和支持。 8. Young girls and women need to be protected from inducements (9 n. an incentive, something that helps bring about an action or a desired result 引诱物，刺激，诱因 ) to smoke. Tobacco is multinational, multibillion dollar industry. It is also an industry under threat。 one quarter of its customers, in the longterm, had been killed by using its product and smoking is declining in many industrialized countries. To maintain profits, tobacco panies need to ensure that at least million new smokers, usually young people, start smoking every year. Women haven been clearly identified as a key target group for tobacco advertising in both the industrialized and developing worlds. Billions of US dollars each year are spent on promoting this lethal product specifically to。 烟草工业遍布世界各地，而且利润很高，但它又是一个随时都受到威胁的产业。 烟民中的四分之一最终要因吸烟而死亡，吸烟习惯在许多工业化国家中正在逐渐被摒弃。 为了确保利润不下降，烟草公司必须保证每年发展２７０万新烟民，通常都是年轻人。 无论在工业化国家中还是在发展中国家里，烟草公司的广告明确地把女性作为其 发展新烟民的主要对象。 每年都有几十亿美元被用来促销这种致命的产品，这种促销尤其针对着广大的女性。 strategy has been highlighted( 10 v. to emphasize or make prominent 使显著 ) by several tobacco journals which have carried articles on Targeting the female smoker and suggesting that retailer should look to the ladies. Among the 20 US magazines that received the most cigarette advertising revenue(11 n. ine, esp. that which the government receives as taxes 收入 ) in 1985, eight were women’s magazines. In the same year, a study on the cigarette advertising policies of 53 British women39。 s magazines (read by more than half of all British women) showed that 64 per cent of the magazines accepted cigarette advertising, which represented an average of seven per cent of total advertising 烟草杂 志上，登载了诸如 “ 瞄准女烟民 ” 的系列文章，并建议零售商要 “ 关心女士们 ”。 １９８５年在美国２０家接受香烟广告费最多的杂志中有８家是妇女杂志。 同年，在５３家英国妇女杂志（阅读对象占全英国妇女一半以上）的香烟广告策略所做的一次研究表明，６４％的杂志都刊登香烟广告，平均占总广告费的７％。 6 10. Research in industrialized countries has shown the subtle(12 a. delicate, hardly noticeable, and esp. pleasant 精巧的，敏感的 ) methods used to encourage young girls to smoke. The impact of such methods is likely to be even greater in developing countries, where young people are generally less knowledgeable about smoking hazards(13 n. danger 危险，冒险 ) and may be more attracted by glamorous, affluent（ 14 a. having plenty of money or other possessions 丰富的，富裕的） , desirable images of the female smoker. This is why WHO, together with other national and international health agencies, has repeatedly called or national legislation banning all forms of tobacco promotion, and for an appropriate high price policy which would slow down the enthusiasm of young women for tobacco ，为了鼓励年轻女性吸烟，在烟草广告中使用了一些细微巧妙的方法。 这些方法在发展中国家所产生的影响可能会更为巨大，因为那里的年轻人一般对吸烟的害处了解较少，因而更容易被吸烟女性 那副充满魅力，显得富有和令人羡慕的形象所吸引。 这就是为什么世界卫生组织及其他国家和国际卫生组织反复呼吁各国立法，禁止任何形式的香烟促销活动，并且呼吁对香烟实行适当 ―高价 ‖政策，以期降低年轻女性对香烟消费的 ―热情 ‖。 11. Young girls and women have a right to be informed about the damage that smoking can do to their health. They also need to acquire skills to resist pressures to star smoking or to give it up. Several countries have developed integrated school and preschool health education programs which have successfully reduced girls39。 smoking rates。 but this education should not be restricted to what happens in school. There are many other examples of effective cessation (15 n. a short pause or a stop 停止 )programs in the workplace and primary health centers. Unfortunately, many women do not have the opportunity to be involved in such programs, and programs have generally been less successful with women than 康可能造成的损害。 她们也需了解一些方法来抵制学吸烟时的压力或戒烟。 有些国家创建了综合学校并制订了学前保健教育计划，这些措施都成功地降低了女性吸烟率。 但这种教育不宜只局限在学校范围内，还有许多例子说明在工厂和基层保健中心同样能实施有效的戒烟计划。 遗憾的是，许多妇女并没有参加这些活动的机会，而且一般来说，这类计划对女性的成功率不及男性。 12. In order for women to bee, and remain, nonsmokers they need support. Support over these difficult days when the addiction cycle is broken. Support to help them deal in other less damaging ways with the reasons that caused them to smoke. Environments need to be created which enable them to break free of this health damaging behavior, to make the healthy choices the best 了让女性成为不吸烟者并坚持下去，她们需要支持，在她们烟瘾发作的困难时刻帮助她们。 对她们的支持要能帮助她们用较少有害的方式去消除掉想吸烟的各种理由。 要创造出一种坏境，在这种环境中，使她们能够摆脱掉这种对健康有害的行为，让她们把选择健康作为她们的最佳选择。 13. Smoking amongst women has already reached epidemic proportions and will continue to escalate (16. v. rise one after the other 逐步上升 ) unless action is taken now. Delays can only cause further suffering and deaths of women。 this is hwy WHO39。 s new program on Tobacco or Health is giving high priority to action to protect women and ，而且如果不采取行动还将继续蔓延下去。 拖延时间只会加重女性的痛苦并导致更多的女性死亡。 为此世界卫生组织提出了 “ 要香烟还是要健康 ” 的新行动纲领，并优先付诸实施以保护妇女和儿童。 7 14. But what can be done to tackle(17 v. deal with (a matter) 处理，解决 ) this problem? Community health workers can develop health education programs for young girls. Primary care workers can ensure that all women receive information, advice and support to help them give up the habit. Governments, national and international anizations, and WHO in particular, can act as advocates (18 n. a person who speaks for or supports an idea, way of life , etc. 鼓吹者，提倡者 )for women39。 s health to ensure that the issue of women and tobacco is put high on the health and political agenda, by pressing for action to protect 呢。 社区保健人员可以为年轻女性开设保健教育课程；基层管理人员可以保证使所有女性都获得有关的知识、建议和支持，以便帮助她们改掉吸烟习惯；政府、各国和国际组织，尤其是世界卫生组织可以倡导增强女性。