英美文化笔记

英美文化笔记内容摘要：

nized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alf red the Great.” 阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。 他打败了丹麦人，并于公元 879 年与他们达成了友好协议。 协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区），而他统治其他地区。 他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒。 他因为建立了强大舰队，而以 “ 英国海军之父 ” 闻名于世。 他改组了 “ 弗立德 ” （撒克逊军队），使之更为高效。 他将一本拉丁语的书翻译成英语。 同时他还建立了学校，并且阐明了法律制度。 所有这一切使他当之无愧于 “ 阿尔弗雷德大王。 ” 的称号。 V． The Norman Conquest (1066) 诺曼征服（公元 1066年） 1． Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death. 威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因。 It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England. 据说，爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。 公元 1066 年 10 月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中， 威廉打败了哈罗德军队，同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。 2． The Norman Conquest and its consequences 诺曼征服及其产生的影响。 The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the bestknown event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was pletely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and merce were extended. NormanFrench culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 1066 年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。 征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，将其 分发给他的诺曼追随者。 他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。 于是，封建制度在英国完全建立。 开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼 — 法国文化、语言、举止和建筑。 教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与世俗法庭分离。 3． The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the NormanFrench origin. 英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家。 许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人。 而还有一些英国人的是诺曼血统。 第三章 英国的形成 The Shaping of the Nation Chapter 3： The Shaping of the Nation (10661381) 英国的形成（公元 10661381） I. Norman Rule (10661381) 诺曼统治（公元 10661381） 1. William39。 39。 s Rule （ 10661087） 威廉一世的统治（公元 10661087） England39。 39。 s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror 在威廉统治下的英国封建制度 ①Under William, the feudal system in England was pletely established. ②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land39。 39。 s produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily bine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had bee William39。 39。 s tenantsinchief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance， not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king. ① 在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。 ② 根据此制度，国王拥有全国所有土地。 ③ 威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族，条件是换取对方服役和收租。 ④ 这些地产分散于各处，这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王。 ⑤ 已成为 国王土地承租人的贵族又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士和自由民，同样换取货物和服役。 ⑥ 在封建等级底层的是农奴。 ⑦ 英国封建制独有的特色就是，无论是土地承租人还是二佃户，都必须要宣誓效忠于直接领主，而且要效忠于国王。 2. King Henry II and his reforms 亨利二世国王和他的改革 The ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy. 亨利二世巩固君主制的途径。 Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England。 recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen。 demolished many castles built in Stephen’s time。 strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia posed of English freemen. 亨利二世采取了一些措施巩固君主制。 他迫使弗兰德斯雇佣军离开英国，收回史蒂芬森赠出皇室土地；拆除几十座史蒂芬森时造德城堡，加强并扩大了他的行政长官们的权力，依靠由英国自由民组成的民兵获取军事支持。 The ways Henry II reform the courts and the law. 亨利二世对法院及法律进行改革的方式。 King Henry II greatly strengthened the Court and extended its judicial work. He divided the whole country into six circuits and appointed justices to each. Cases were therefore heard before the intermittent justices who applied the law impartially. During his reign, a mon law was gradually established in place of the previous laws of the local barons. He also introduced a new jury system to replace the old ordealbased trial system. Besides, he shifted the trial of clergymen charged with criminal offenses from the Bishop39。 39。 s court to the King39。 39。 s court. 亨利二世大大加强了王家法院，扩展了其司法工作的职权范围。 他将全国分为六个审制区。 案件更多地由巡回法官审理，并不偏不倚地使用法律。 在他统治时期，逐渐建立起超越地方领主法律的普遍法。 另外，他用陪审员制度代替了旧的残酷的审判制度。 他坚持被控犯有刑事罪的神职人员应由国王法庭审判，而不由主教法庭审判。 II． Contents and the significance of the Great Charter 《大宪章》的内容及意义 Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixtythree clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council。 (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property。 (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections。 (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. 《大宪章》是约翰国王 1215年在封建贵族。