英语系本科学位论文格式要求内容摘要:

be willing to take this responsibility” (Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135). APA(五位以上的作者): Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of munity college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2020) 19 引用同样姓氏的不同作者 假若两个或两 个以上的作者有同样的姓氏 ,则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母,如: MLA: Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46). APA: Wellestablished SLA researchers (., R. Ellis, 2020) seem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2020). 引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多 ,应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分,如: MLA: (. Wang 26) (. Wang 30) APA: (. Wang, 2020) (. Wang, 2020, p. 213) 引用同一作者的多篇文献 按 MLA 规范,引用 同一作者的多篇文献时,在括号夹注中应加 20 入文献标题中的关键词组,如: Lightenor has argued that puters are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to puter games does lead to better small motor skill development (“HandEye Development” 17). 或者 Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to puter games does lead to better small motor skill development (Lightenor, “HandEye Development” 17). 或者 Lightenor has argued that puters are not useful tools for small children, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to puter games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and “HandEye Development” 17). 按 APA 规范,同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别,如: (Zhang, 1997) (Zhang, 1999) (Zhang, 2020) 括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献 ,文献按发表次序排列, 如: (Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2020) 同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母,以示区别(正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样 的字母 ),如: 21 (Bloom, 2020a, 2020b) 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献 括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献 ,文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列(注意分号的使用), 如: MLA: The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented (Rychnovsky 40。 Seidensticker 114。 Williams 30). APA: Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health care providers, lack of information about the disease and various treatment options, poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2020。 Sullivan, Weinert amp。 Fulton, 1993。 Weinert amp。 Burman, 1994). 引用非直接文献( indirect source) 论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献(即二级文献 secondary source),但在无法找到直接文献(即一级文献 primary source)的情况下,引文可以从非直接文献中析出,例如 : 22 MLA: Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450). ( 注意 :“ qtd. in” 中的字母 “ i” 不得大写。 ) APA: Grayson (as cited in Murzynski amp。 Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four ponents of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability. One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski amp。 Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four ponents of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability. 引用非直接文献以后,在 正文后参考文献 著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目(即上述实例中的“ Boswell”和“ Murzynski amp。 Degelman, 1996”)。 对引语文字的更改 直接引语如出现在正文中间,使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法,不得出现“句中句”。 图 右边一栏两句句子均包含了引语,但均不合语法。 23 图 :对引语文字的更改 正确 : So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter[ing] effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63). 正确 : Max Luthi points out that the first apparent thing in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero as “isolated” and often as “an old child” (59). 错误 : So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63). 错误 : Max Luthi points out: “The first thing that is apparent in the fairytale …is that it portrays its hero as isolated. He is often an old child” (59). 为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语法,往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。 如果要删除引语中个别词句,可以用省略 号 ( ellipses “… ”)取代 删除的词句。 如果要加入或者更改个别单词或者词组,则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号( square brackets “[ ]”)以内。 无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。 24 参考文献著录的格式 参考文献著录在 MLA 规范里叫做 Works Cited,在 APA 规范里叫做 References。 著录已出版的文章 一位作者写的文章 MLA: Stewart, Donald C. “What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” College Composition and Communication 40 (1989): 188202. APA: Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A mentary. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373380. 注意:( 1)在 MLA 规范里,作者的姓名应完整,应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。 在 APA 里,作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。 ( 2)在 MLA 规范里,期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。 ( 3)在 APA 规范里 期刊的卷数(即“ 28”)应用斜体表示。 ( 4)按 MLA的规范,标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母均必须大写,而其余每一个词的首字母,除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号(“ to”)以外都必须大写。 按 APA 的规范,标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写,而其余每一个词的首字母,除专有名词以外,均不需要大写。 25 两位作者写的文章 MLA: Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H. Potter. “Inference Deficits in RightBrain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27 (1986): 31021. APA: Tulving, E., amp。 Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301305. 两位以上的作者写的文章 MLA: MasciaLees, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B. Cohen. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 10114. APA: Barringer, H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., amp。 Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and ine of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 2743. 无论用 MLA 还是 APA, 第一作者以姓氏开始 ( 加上逗号 ), 继以名字或者名字的首字母 , 但是从第二作者开始 , 在 MLA 规范里以名字开始 , 继以姓氏 , 而在 APA 规范里以姓氏开始 ( 加上逗号 ), 继 26 以名字的首字母。 如果作者人数超过三人 , 也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字 ,加上 et al.( 拉丁文 “and others”), 如 : MLA: MasciaLees, Frances E., et al. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scie。
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