外文翻译---设计与文化

外文翻译---设计与文化内容摘要：

terns in modem society. Design is also formed and sustained by these forces and, as a result, designed artifacts act as cultural ciphers. In this book, I have set out to examine both the way in which culture has influenced design in this century and the manner in which design has, in its turn, played a part in creating culture through the objects, institutions, personalities and the patterns of behavior and thought that have acpanied it. Since 1900, design and culture, in this wide sense, have bee increasingly interdependent and the implications of this relationship will reemerge constantly in the following chapters. My main thesis is that, within the framework of industrial capitalism which created it and continues to dominate it in contemporary Western society, design is characterized by a dual alliance with both mass production and mass consumption and that these two phenomena have determined nearly all its manifestations. Like Janus, design looks in tow directions at the same time: as a silent quality of all massproduced goods it plays a generally unacknowledged but vital role in all our lives。 as a named concept within the mass media, it is, however, much more visible and generally recognized. In this latter guise design bees an extension of marketing and advertising. The designerjeans phenomenon, which persuades us to buy a product because it has been designed, is, culturally speaking, totally distinct from the activity of the anonymous designers within industry who resolve the problems of cost, appearance and use in consumer products. The way in which design as an adjunct of marketing has grown out of design as an aspect of mass production is a major theme within the story of modem design and the focus of this book. It is a change which directly mirrors the way in which the model of massproduction industry, as presented by Henry Ford, which dominated American ideas about industrial anization in the early twentieth century, has been challenged by an alternative model which stresses batch production, a smaller scale of operations (or set of operations), and, at times, a fair amount of hand or skilled work. This latter model best expressed by Sloane39。 s work at General Motors in the USA in the 1920s and by contemporary development in Japan and Italy puts the demands of the marketplace above those of the logi。