欧洲文化入门大题重点

欧洲文化入门大题重点内容摘要：

in renewing people„s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century， universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉伯数字 )， algebra (代数 )， and Arab medicine (医学 ) were introduced to the West. As trade increased， village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments. (民族政府 ) 四、 What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain。 (重点 ☆ ) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is， the languages of various national states (民族国家 ) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the bination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics. The vernacular (方言 ) language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq (地方式俗语 ) language used in the Mississippi area， with a strong characteristic of that region (地区 ) .Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue， but also in narration. (叙述 ) His representative works Life on the Mississippi. 五、 Romanesque means in the Roman manner. Romanesque art is predominantly religious. Architecture is characterized by massiveness, solidity, and monumentality with an overall blocky appearance. 六 、 Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, but it was given direction by a different aesthetic and philosophical spirit and reflected a much more ordered feudal society with full confidence. cathedrals soared high, their windows, arches and towers reaching heavenward, flinging their passion against the sky. They were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures more lifelike than any since ancient Rome. 六、 How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages。 feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有 ) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量 )。 The word “feudalism” was derived (来源 ) from the Latin “feudum”， a grant (许可的 ) of land. In order to seek the protection of large landowners， the people of small farms or land gave their farms and land to large landowners， but they still had freedom， they were called freemen. While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large landowners， and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs. In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣 ) or soldiers as a reward (奖赏 ) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals. There came a form of local and decentralized (分散化的 ) government. As a knight， he were pledged to protect the weak， to fight for the church， to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed. 第四章 一、 Renaissance 名词解释 Generally speaking， Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival (复兴 )， specifically in this period of history， revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance， in essence (从实质上讲 )， was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts (试图 ) to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想 ) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级 )， to lift the restrictions (禁忌 ) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.(权利威信 ) Generally speaking， Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid17th century. 二、 Reformation 名词解释 The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as (同时 ) a sociopolitical (社会政治 ) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg (机智 ) his 95 thesis (论题 )。 This movement which swept over (席卷了 ) the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing (反对 ) the absolute authority (权威 ) of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing (代替 ) it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists (改革者 ) engaged (使用 ) themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经 三、 CounterReformation (反宗教改革 )名词解释 By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle (坐以待毙 )。 They mustered (召集 ) their forces， the dedicated (专用的 ) Cathol。