铁路工程土工试验讲义讲义

铁路工程土工试验讲义讲义内容摘要：

orce, pr om ot ing t he Gover nm ent t o play an act ive r ole in t he wor k as a whole. Working ar ound Gover nm ent Cent er im plem entation super vision int ensif ied, br oadened and im pr oved ef ficiency, do check t he f r uit , f r uit , assisting t he Gover nm ent in im plem entation of t he Assist ant r ole t o play, a power f ul im pet us t o t he r ealization of t he obj ect ives of t he Gover nm ent. 2, t he ser vice ar eas t o f ur t her expand. The f ul im plem ent ation of t he open gover nm ent pilot pr oj ect , st r engt hening car rier constr uction, innovative f or ms of public, deepening public cont ent , ext ends t he open r ange, r egulat e public pr ocedur es, est ablishm ent of a cit y, Count y, Township and vil lage level adm inist r at ion syst em, t o m eet t he people39。 s r ight t o know, cr eat es condit ions f or t he ef f ect ive exercise of super vision. Developm ent issued t he XX, m att er s of signif icant public policy im plem ent at ion m easur es, such as t he quest ion of hearing 6 syst em , open Gover nment cont inues t o pr om ot e in dept h. Est ablished opened t he cit y ( Count y) long public phones, solving a num ber of concer n people39。 s im m ediat e int er est s and pr oduce hot spot s and dif f icult pr oblem s in l if e, by all sect or s of t he m unit y alike. Univer sal Chief was built st ar ting at t he cit y and county levelsHall m asses, ser ve t he m unit y f or t he Gover nm ent o play a bet t er Windows and t ie. Wit h t he syst em of Gover nment Of f ice f or hub, connect ing t he Count y ( distr ict ) and t he depart m ent s of m unicipal gover nm ent Web sit es and Of fice decision m aking ser vice syst em has been built in t he cit y, Gover nment Of f ice local ar ea work est ablished, signif icantly acceler at e t he pace of of fice aut omat ion and inf orm ation wor k. 3, im proved qualit y and pr oduct ivit y wit h new wor k. Cit y levels Gover nm ent Of f ice put pur suit qualit y and eff iciency as measure Of fice over all wor k level of im por t ant st andar d, pendulum in highlight locat ion, ar ound ser vice over all, and pay close at tention t o t he im plem ent ation t his cent ral, r ight pr ocessing inher it ed and innovat ion, and f ul and f ocus, and on Shang ser vice and on Xia ser vice of r elat ionship, bold innovat ion, f ocused on eff ect iveness, pr esentation of policy sex, and t argeted and 铁路工程土工试验讲义 一、概述 土的形成 土是岩石风化的产物。 物理风化 岩石暴露在大气层内，受风、霜、雨、雪的侵蚀，以及受温度升降变化的影响，裂隙水结冰等原因，使岩石崩解成块。 化学风化 这些碎块再与水、二氧化碳、氧气接触发生化学作用。 生物风化 岩石在风化过程中与自然界的生物发生相互作用。 土与工程的关系 地基 作为建筑物 (桥涵、楼房等 )或构筑物 (路基等 )的地基； 填料 作为土工构筑物 (路基、堤坝等 )的填料； 介质 作为构筑物 (渠道、黄土 隧道等 )的周围介质。 土工试验的重要意义 土用于地基，会出现地基的变形和稳定问题；用作填料，存在土的压实和变形问题；用于介质，需考虑土的渗流和抗渗稳定性问题。 研究解决以上问题，涉及到土的物理、力学、化学性能。 要评价土的以上性能，须通过土工试验来获取土的各项性能指标。 尤其在研究不良地基处理方案时，实测的实验指标是优选技术措施的重要依据。 对土工试验人员的要求 由于土工试验成果因试验方法和试验技巧的熟练程度不同，会有较大的差别，这种差别远大于计算方法引起的误差。 为了使土工试验比较正确地反映实际土的性状， 要求试验人员了解和掌握以下五个问题： ① .试验的目的和所依据的原理； ② .使用的仪器设备性能和操作方法； ③ .试验应获得哪些数据、分析出什么结论； ④ .试验中的注意事项、误差的初步分析； ⑤ .分析试验设计与实际问题的联系 概括地说土工试验人员要具备：一有基本理论，二有基础知识，三有基本技能。 练习题 ① .(填空 )工程试验工作的依据是 ( )。 ② . (填空 )铁路工程 土工试验规程的现行有效标准代号为（ ）。 ③ 、 (填空 )铁路 工程地基或路基填料易溶盐的检测执行标准代号为 ( )。 二、土工试验项目 土工试验项目应根据土的用途决定： 室内实验。 ① .土的物理性能试验：含水率、密度、颗粒密度、界限含水率、颗粒分析、渗透、击实等。 试验成果用于土的工程分类，土的状态的判定，渗透计算，填土工程施工方法的选择和碾压质量控制。 ② .砂的相对密度试验：包括砂的最大和最小孔隙比的测定，由此确定砂的相对密度，判定砂的疏密状态。 ③ .土的变形试验：包括固结、压缩、湿陷性和膨胀性等。 这些试验为工程设计提供变形参数： 压缩系数、压缩模量、体积压缩系数、压缩指数、回弹指数、前期固结压力、固结系数、湿陷系数、自重湿陷系数、膨胀率、膨胀力等。 ④ .土的强度试验：包括直接剪切试验、反复直接剪切试验、三轴压缩试验、无侧限抗压强度试验等。 这guide sex f urt her enhanced, docum ents handle and r unning of speed obviously s peed up, pr ogr am gr adually specif ication, conf er ence ser vice and Chief r ecept ion of qualit y and level has has new of im pr ove, Logistics suppor t capabilt y f ur t her st r engt hened. Docum ent m anagement, confident ial, confident ialit y, dut y, let t er s and ot her it em s have been signif icant ly im pr oved. 4, Of fice const r uction incr eased at all levels. Cit y Gover nm ent of fices adher e t o st r engt hen and im pr ove t he constr uct ion of t he syst em as a br eakt hr ough, has developed a ser ies of code of conduct, continuous im pr ovem ent of oper ational m echanism, sound and t he im plem ent ation of t he r ules and r egulat ions, and adher e t o t he syst em of m anaging people, accor ding t o t he r ules, t he wor k gr adualy int o t he or bit of inst it ut ionalizat ion and st andar dizat ion. Focus on st r engthening ideological and polit ical const r uction of t he contingent of cadres, and actively car r ied out various business t r aining, knowledge of t he Of fice t eam st r uct ur e has been optim ized, t o br oaden t he r ange of knowledge and oper ational capacit y gr ows, nur tur ed a polit ical f ir m , shar p, pr of essional and innovat ive st aff , cr eat ed solidar it y, str iving f or t he t op, pr agm at ic, dedicat ion, good im age. However , wit h t he St at e Council and t he pr ovincial Gover nm ent of t he nat ional, t he pr ovince39。 s Secr et ary Gener al m eet ing of governm ent of fices under t he new sit uat ion t he f unct ions and pr ior it ies par ed t o t he r equir em ents of our gap is st il ver y big. M ain is dai ly in t he passive m eet of m or e, active r esearch of less, ser vice also has not t im ely, and not in place of pr oblem。 wor k in t he m eet Yu t r adit ional of , and pr ogram of of wor k way, develop innovat ion spir it and ser vice innovat ion c apacit y not str ong。 super vision inf or m at ion wor k and pr om ot ed decision im plem entation of cont act enough close, f eedback sit uat ion not active。 r esear ch r esour ces of using enough f ul, r esearch r e。