工程造价毕业论文建设标准和成本外文参考文献

工程造价毕业论文建设标准和成本外文参考文献内容摘要：

ng/ventilation/airconditioning) system, wider column spacing, lower floor stiffness (less stringent vibration criterion), lower 10 10 山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文 floorloading,fewer firecontrol features and other code requirements, steelframed or steel/concrete hybrid structural system with concrete flatslab flooring system, smaller footings, and(typically) curtain wall fenestration. This approach usually enables offices to have operable windows. This twobuilding approach can be seen clearly at Gillespie Neurosciences Building, the Sprague Building, Hewitt Hall, and the UCI Medical Center Health Sciences Laboratory,where consolidating and separating nonlaboratory functions saved 710 percent in overall construction costs and 15 percent/year in energy expense. (The nonlaboratory building incurs a small fraction of the energy expense of the laboratory block.) A set of design strategies, applied in bination, has proven effective in controlling the cost of laboratories: ? Utilizing a consistent lab module ? Utilizing a reasonable vibration criterion and locating ultrasensitive conditions atgrade or employing benchtop vibration isolation ? Using 22 ft. X 22 ft. columnspacing ? Concentrating fume hoods and utility risers into a central ―wet zone,‖ thus limiting horizontal mechanical distribution ? Concentrating laboratory support areas into the central core of a laboratory structure, where utilities are available but daylight is not needed, thus enabling lab structures to be 110132 feet wide ? Utilizing dualusage circulation/equipment crosscorridors through this central lab support zone, with sufficient width (typically 11 feet) to line the corridors with shared equipment while providing crosscirculation through the lab support zone ? Utilizing open laboratory layout with one or more ―ghost‖ corridors for intra lab circulation ? And, most importantly, concentrating nonlaboratory functions into an adjoining, lowercost structure (as discussed in detail above). To further control laboratory construction costs, nonstandard fume hood sizes are minimized, ―generic‖ lab casework is specified, laboratorygrade movable tables 11 11 山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文 substitute for fixed casework in some lab bays, building DI systems provide intermediate water quality (with localized water purity polishing in the lab, rather than buildingwide),facilitywide piped services do not include gases that can be costeffectively provided locally via canisters, and glasswash facilities are consolidated typically, one glass wash facility for an entire laboratory building. Finally, our design philosophy leans toward generic, modular laboratories supported by a robust building infrastructure, rather than highly customized spaces with limited capacity to make later changes. This is an important trade off. Although some postoccupancy expenses may be necessary to ―finetune‖ a laboratory to a PI?s requirements, building infrastructure elements – typically over sized twenty percent, including HVAC supply ducts, exhaust system c。