英语专业八级考试模拟测试tem(编辑修改稿)

英语专业八级考试模拟测试tem(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

depression which lasted from 1873 to 1894 marked a turning point between the old method of industrial organisation and distribution and the new. From the beginning of the nieenth century until the 1870s, production had steadily expanded and there had been a corresponding growth in retail outlets. But the depression brought on a crisis of overproduction and underconsumption manufacture goods piled up unsold and prices and profits fell. Towards the end of century many of the small industrial firms realised that they would be in a better position to weather economic depressions and slumps if they bined with other small businesses and widened the range of goods they produced so that all their eggs were not in one basket. They also realised that they would have to take steps to ensure that one their goods had been produced there was a market for them. This period ushered in the first phase of what economists now call monopoly capitalism, which, roughly speaking, refers to the control of the market by a small number of giant, conglomerate enterprises. Whereas previously petitive trading had been conducted by small rival firms, after the depression the larger manufacturing units and bines relied more and more on mass advertising to promote their new range of products. A good example of the changes that occurred in manufacture and distribution at the turn of the century can be found in the soap trade. From about the 1850s the market had been flooded with anonymous bars of soap, produced by hundreds of small manufacturers and distributed by wholesalers and doortodoor sellers. Competition grew steadily throughout the latter half of the century and eventually the leading panies embarked on more aggressive selling methods in order to take customers away from their rivals. For instance, the future Lord Leverhulme decided to brand his soap by selling it in distinctive packages in order to facilitate recognition and encourage customer loyalty. Lord Leverhulme was one of the first industrialists to realise that advertisements should contain logical and considered arguments as well as eyecatching and witty slogans. Mary advertisers followed his lead and started to include reasonwhy copy in their ads. For example, one contemporary Pears soap ad went into great detail about how the product could enhance marital bliss by cutting down the time the wife had to spend with her arms in a bowl of frothy suds. And an ad for Cadbury39。 s cocoa not only proclaimed its purity but also detailed other benefits: for the infant it is a delight and a support。 for the young girl, a source of healthy vigour。 for the young Turner rightly points out, the advertising of this period had reached the stage of persuasion as distinct from proclamation or iteration. Indeed advertise or burst seemed to be the rule of the day as bigger and more expensive campaigns were mounted and smaller firms who did not, or could not, advertise, were squeezed or bought out by the largest panies. 18. An example of a product which might well have been advertised during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution is _____ A. a cooking utensil. B. a new child39。 s toy. C. tinned fruit. D. household soap. 正确答案是 19. One of the more aggressive selling methods in the soap trade by the leading panies was to _____ A. buy out small firms. B. take over distribution. C. resort to product designing. D. keep contact with their customers. 正确答案是 20. In addition to distinctive package, contemporary products should also _____ A. draw customers39。 attention to their benefits. B. make customers aware of their attractiveness. C. display details of the main ingredients. D. focus on proclamation and iteration. 正确答案是 TEXT E Pardon me: how are your manners? The decline of civility and good manners may be worrying people more than crime, according to Gentility Recalled, edited by Dighy Anderson, which laments the breakdown of traditional codes that one regulated social conduct. It criticised the fact that manners are scorned as repressive and outdated. The result, according to Mr Anderson director of the Social Affairs Unit, an independent thinktank is a society characterized by rudeness: loutish behavior on the streets, jostling in crowds, impolite shop assistants and badtempered drivers. Mr Andeson says the cumulative effect of these__apparently trivial, but often offensive is to make everyday life uneasy, unpredictable and unpleasant. As they are encountered far more often than crime, they can cause more anxiety than crime. When people lament the disintegration of law and order, he argues, what they generally mean is order, as manifested by courteous forms of social contact. Meanwhile, attempts to reestablish restraint and selfcontrol through politically correct rules are artificial. The book has contributions from 12 academics in disciplines ranging from medicine to sociology and charts what it calls the coarsening of Britain. Oldfashioned terms such as gentleman and lady have lost all meaningful resonance and need to be reevaluated, it says. Rachel Trickett, honorary fellow and former principal of St. Hugh39。 s College, Oxford, says that the notion of a lady protects women rather than demeaning them. Feminism and demands for equality have blurred the distinctions between the sexes, creating situations where men are able to dominate women because of their more aggressive and forceful natures, she says. Women, without some code of deference or respect, bee increasingly victims. Caroline Moore, the first woman fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, points out that gentleman is now used only with irony or derision. The popular view of a gentleman is poised somewhere between the imbecile parasite and the villainous one: between Woosteresque chinless wonders, and those heartless c。