免费考研英语英译汉、完型与词汇分册(编辑修改稿)

免费考研英语英译汉、完型与词汇分册(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

pected ideas in elementaryparticle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. 新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列 英译汉、完型与词汇分册 6 Passage 6 71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own tune and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always inplete and scattered。 it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian39。 s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process. 72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodolgy is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of tunnel method, frequently fall victim to the technicist fallacy. Also mon in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列 英译汉、完型与词汇分册 7 Passage 7 Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the munity. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country39。 s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly pelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways including the setting up of their own research centers。 they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited。 or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds. 73) Owing to the remarkable development in massmunications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed pared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization — with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed — was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the munity and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements — themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are being increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. 新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列 英译汉、完型与词汇分册 8 Passage 8 In less than 30 years39。 time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain39。 s nervous system and a puter will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall. 71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, puters with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smelltelevision, and digital age will have arrived. Accordi。