通讯工程方面的文献翻译(编辑修改稿)

通讯工程方面的文献翻译(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

and High(1). Often Low will be near zero volts and High will be at a higher level depending on the supply voltage in use. Computers, electronic clocks, and programmable logic controllers (used to control industrial processes) are constructed of digital circuits. Digital Signal Processors are another example. Buildingblocks: Logic gates Adders Binary Multipliers FlipFlops Counters Registers Multiplexers Schmitt triggers Highly integrated devices: Microprocessors Microcontrollers Applicationspecific integrated circuit(ASIC) Digital signal processor (DSP) Fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA) Mixedsignal circuits Main article: Mixedsignal integrated circuit Mixedsignal circuits refers to integrated circuits (ICs) which have both analog circuits and digital circuits bined on a single semiconductor die or on the same circuit board. Mixedsignal circuits are being increasingly mon. Mixed circuits are usually used to control an analog device using digital logic, for example the speed of a motor. Analog to digital converters and digital to analog converters are the primary examples. Other examples are transmission gates and buffers. Heat dissipation and thermal management Main article: Thermal management of electronic devices and systems Heat generated by electronic circuitry must be dissipated to prevent immediate failure and improve long term reliability. Techniques for heat dissipation can include heatsinks and fans for air cooling, and other forms of puter cooling such as water cooling. These techniques use convection, conduction, amp。 radiation of heat energy. Noise Main article: Electronic noise Noise is associated with all electronic circuits. Noise is defined[1] as unwanted disturbances superposed on a useful signal that tend to obscure its information content. Noise is not the same as signal distortion caused by a circuit. Electronics theory Main article: Mathematical methods in electronics Mathematical methods are integral to the study of electronics. To bee proficient in electronics it is also necessary to bee proficient in the mathematics of circuit analysis. Circuit analysis is the study of methods of solving generally linear systems for unknown variables such as the voltage at a certain node or the current though a certain branch of a work. A mon analytical tool for this is the SPICE circuit simulator. Also important to electronics is the study and understanding of electromagic field theory. Electronic test equipment Main article: Electronic test equipment。